Hameed Ur Rehman’s research while affiliated with Kohat University of Science and Technology and other places

Background: Kidney stones are a common urological condition with significant geographical variation in prevalence and composition. The Buner district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, represents a diverse population with distinct environmental and dietary factors that may influence the epidemiology of nephrolithiasis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of kidney stones in the Buner district, to analyze the demographic distribution of affected individuals, and to evaluate the nonpharmacologic treatment approaches used locally. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to September, encompassing 965 cases from various hospitals, laboratories, and localities in the Buner district. Data collection involved gender, age, and locality-specific questionnaires, clinical examinations, and diagnostic imaging, including X-rays, ultrasounds, and CT scans. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS version 25. Results: The prevalence of kidney stones was found to be higher in males (60.62%, n=585) than females (39.37%, n=380), with the highest incidence reported in individuals aged 35 to 55 years (47.97%, n=463). Rural areas showed a greater prevalence than urban areas. The majority of stones were calcium-based (70%), with calcium oxalate being the most common (65%). Uric acid stones accounted for 17%, while struvite stones were observed in 10% of cases. Seasonal variation was noted, with the highest occurrence in January. Conclusion: Kidney stones in the Buner district are predominantly calcium oxalate and are more prevalent in males and rural residents. The age group of 35 to 55 years is most affected. Nonpharmacologic treatments, such as dietary adjustments and herbal remedies, are commonly recommended by local health practitioners. Further research into environmental and dietary influences is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies.

Background: Neonatal hypoxia, or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The condition arises from insufficient oxygen or blood flow to the neonate's brain, leading to various degrees of neurological impairment. This study aims to shed light on the prevalence and characteristics of neonatal hypoxia in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, a region where limited research has been conducted on this critical issue. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of neonatal hypoxia in District Buner and to analyse the distribution of its severity across different tehsils within the district. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from August 2021 to August 2022. Data were collected from several government and private hospitals, including DHQ Daggar, Buner Medical Complex, and Hamdard Medical Center. A total of 753 neonatal hypoxia cases were identified and classified into three categories based on severity: mild (HIE I), moderate (HIE II), and severe (HIE III). The classification was based on Apgar scores and clinical symptoms. The data were statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS software version 25. Results: Out of the 753 neonatal hypoxia cases, 299 (39.7%) were classified as HIE I, 276 (36.6%) as HIE II, and 132 (17.5%) as HIE III. There were 46 fatalities (6.1%) reported. The study also revealed a gender disparity, with males (402 cases, 53.4%) more frequently affected than females (351 cases, 46.6%). The highest incidence of neonatal hypoxia was observed in Tehsil Daggar (25.9%), while Tehsil Khudokhail reported the lowest (6.2%). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of neonatal hypoxia in District Buner, with milder forms of HIE being more common. The findings underscore the need for improved obstetric and neonatal care, especially in areas with higher prevalence, to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with HIE.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant global public health concern, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. The Buner District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, presents a unique demographic and geographical setting for studying the prevalence and chronic complications of DM. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications in the Buner District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to understand the demographic distribution of the disease. Methods: A comprehensive, area-specific study was conducted from March 2022 to August 2022, involving 753 patients across eight localities in the Buner District. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations at various medical centers. Participants included individuals from both rural and urban areas, with a demographic split of 486 males (64.54%) and 267 females (35.45%). The study also investigated six types of chronic complications associated with DM. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS version 25. Results: The study found that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the Buner District was significantly high, with a higher incidence in urban areas compared to rural ones. The prevalence of chronic complications of DM varied, with cardiovascular conditions being the most prominent, followed by neuropathy, nephropathy, ocular conditions, and foot diseases. Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications in the Buner District, with urban areas showing a higher incidence. The findings underscore the need for targeted healthcare strategies and interventions in this region to address the growing burden of DM.

Background: Oral diseases, prevalent globally, pose significant health challenges, especially in regions with limited healthcare resources. District Buner, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is one such area where oral health has received minimal attention. The study of oral diseases in this region is crucial for understanding the health needs of its population and for implementing effective public health interventions. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and types of oral diseases in District Buner and to identify the major contributing factors to these conditions, thereby informing targeted healthcare strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to October 2020 in all tehsils of District Buner. Data collection was based on questionnaires administered to both dentists and patients. Approximately 20 to 25 dentists from various healthcare facilities, including government hospitals and private clinics, participated in the study. The questionnaires for dentists consisted of ten open-ended questions, while those for patients included fifteen close-ended questions. The sample size was 508 individuals, representing various age groups and genders. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical methods to determine prevalence rates and associations. Results: The study revealed that the most common oral diseases were dental caries (90%), gingivitis (63%), periodontitis (59%), pulpitis (43%), TMJ disorders (23%), and oral cancer (5%). Dental caries was notably prevalent across all age groups, with a higher incidence in children. Gingivitis was observed more in females, particularly during pregnancy. Periodontitis and gingivitis showed a greater prevalence in males, often associated with smoking. Pulpitis was more common in females, while TMJ disorders were evenly distributed among genders. Oral cancer was the least prevalent disease. Conclusion: The study underscores the critical need for improved oral health awareness and preventive care in District Buner. The high prevalence of various oral diseases, influenced by factors such as dietary habits, smoking, and gender-specific issues, calls for comprehensive public health strategies. These strategies should include education on oral hygiene, increased access to dental care, and integration of oral health into general healthcare services.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites pose a significant threat to dairy cattle health, affecting both animal welfare and agricultural productivity. In regions like Tehsil Gagra, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where dairy farming is a crucial part of the economy, understanding the prevalence and types of these parasites is essential. The potential zoonotic impact of these parasites also raises concerns for human healthcare, emphasizing the importance of a One Health approach. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of gastrointestinal parasites in dairy cattle in Tehsil Gagra, District Buner, and to understand their implications for animal health, agricultural practices, and potential zoonotic risks to human health. Methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted from July 2021 to July 2022. A total of 150 fecal samples from dairy cattle were collected and examined at the Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center, District Swat, and the Department of Zoology, University of Buner. The samples were tested using direct smear, sedimentation, and sugar flotation methods. The study also considered environmental factors and seasonal variations in its analysis. Results: Of the 150 samples examined, 99 (66%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasites. Nematodes were the most prevalent (51.33%), followed by Protozoa (12%), Trematodes (2%), and Cestodes (0.67%). The most common parasitic species identified were Trichostrongylus (24.67%), Ostertagia ostertagi (22.67%), and Eimeria bovis (8%). Area-wise, Rega showed the highest prevalence at 80%, while Gagra recorded 46.67%. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of GI parasites in dairy cattle in Tehsil Gagra, District Buner, emphasizing the need for improved veterinary care and farm management practices. The results highlight the importance of regular parasite control measures and suggest potential zoonotic risks, underscoring the necessity for integrated animal and human health approaches.

Background: The quality of spring water in Gokand Valley, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is a matter of public health importance due to its use as a primary source of drinking water. This study was initiated in response to concerns about potential environmental and anthropogenic contaminations that could affect the water quality. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the drinking water quality from six different springs in Gokand Valley, assessing their compliance with the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA). Methods: Conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, the study involved the collection and subsequent chemical analysis of water samples from six springs in the valley. The parameters analyzed included Total Hardness as CaCO₃, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride as Cl, Sulphate as SO₄, pH, Sodium as Na, Nitrite as NO₂, Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃, Calcium as CaCO₃, Magnesium as MgCO₃, Potassium as K, and Conductivity. Results: The results indicated a variation in water quality across the springs. Total Hardness as CaCO₃ ranged from 96.45 mg/L to 286.36 mg/L, and TDS values varied between 132.33 mg/L and 367.33 mg/L. Chloride levels were found to be between 5.36 mg/L and 14.28 mg/L. Sulphate concentrations ranged from 9.54 mg/L to 17.96 mg/L. The pH levels of all samples were close to neutral, ranging from 6.98 to 7.30. Sodium levels varied from 5.67 mg/L to 17.47 mg/L. Nitrite was not detected in any of the samples. Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃ ranged from 93.66 mg/L to 240.39 mg/L, Calcium as CaCO₃ from 53.73 mg/L to 200.68 mg/L, Magnesium as MgCO₃ from 41.42 mg/L to 109.40 mg/L, Potassium as K from 1.30 mg/L to 3.50 mg/L, and Conductivity values varied from 210.00 µS/cm to 596.67 µS/cm. Conclusion: The study concludes that the water from the six springs in Gokand Valley generally meets the WHO and PSQCA standards for drinking water. This finding underscores the importance of these natural springs as a viable source of potable water for the local population. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to ensure sustained water quality in the face of potential environmental changes and anthropogenic activities.

Background: Dystocia, characterized by abnormally slow labor, is a significant cause of primary cesarean delivery globally. It poses serious risks to maternal and neonatal health and is often associated with increased healthcare costs. Despite its prevalence, there is no universal definition of dystocia, making it a complex condition to manage and study. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and complications associated with dystocia among women in District Buner, Pakistan, from September 2021 to September 2022. It also sought to understand the geographic distribution of dystocia cases and the effectiveness of different management strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in various healthcare facilities across District Buner, including DHQ Daggar, Buner Medical Complex Daggar, and Rahman Medical Complex Jowar. A total of 1,527 women with dystocia were examined. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and interviews with healthcare professionals. The study focused on two types of dystocia: labor dystocia and shoulder dystocia. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and complications related to dystocia. Results: The study found that 97.11% of the dystocia cases were labor dystocia, and 2.881% were shoulder dystocia. Dystocia prevalence varied with age: 3.01% in women below 20 years, 2.03% in 20-30 years, and 95.02% in 30-50 years. Nulliparous women accounted for 50.03% of dystocia cases. Geographically, the prevalence of dystocia in different tehsils ranged from 0.98% to 30.58%. Breech presentation was the cause in 3.34% of dystocia cases, transverse presentation in 0.26%, and oblique presentation in 0.72%. Conclusion: The study underscores the high prevalence of labor dystocia in District Buner, especially among nulliparous women and those in the age group of 30-50 years. It highlights the need for enhanced prenatal care and targeted intervention strategies to manage and reduce the risks associated with dystocia.

Background: Gynecological diseases significantly impact women's health, yet there is limited comprehensive data on their prevalence and nature, particularly in developing regions. District Buner, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, presents a unique demographic for studying these diseases due to its distinct socio-cultural and economic context. Objective: This study aims to ascertain the prevalence and variety of gynecological diseases in District Buner, offering insights into the specific health challenges faced by women in this region. Methods: Conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, this study involved a systematic examination of 480 patients in District Buner, spanning various age groups and backgrounds. Data were collected from local healthcare facilities, including the District Headquarters Hospital and Buner Medical Complex. The study focused on identifying and quantifying 30 different gynecological conditions, using both direct consultations with healthcare professionals and review of medical records. Results: The study uncovered high prevalence rates of several gynecological diseases, with Urinary Tract Infections (90%), Anemia (92%), and Leucorrhea (98%) being the most common. Other significant findings included Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (52%), Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (70%), and Uterine Prolapse (68%). The data revealed the complex interplay of socio-cultural and biological factors influencing women's reproductive health in the region. Conclusion: The findings highlight a critical need for targeted healthcare interventions, increased awareness, and resource allocation to address the prevalent gynecological conditions in District Buner. This study serves as a vital reference for healthcare policymakers and practitioners in developing effective strategies to improve women's health outcomes in the region.

Background: Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, continues to be a significant global health issue, affecting approximately ten million people worldwide. The prevalence of goiter is notably influenced by geographical and environmental factors, such as soil iodine content, especially in hilly terrains. Prior research has indicated a gender and age-related predisposition to the condition, with varied prevalence across different regions. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and demographic distribution of goiter in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to compare these findings with data from other regions to better understand the condition's epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to September 2022. A total of 280 patients from six tehsils within District Buner were investigated through questionnaires and medical examinations by healthcare professionals. Data collection occurred weekly across multiple healthcare facilities, including medical centers, rural health centers, and the District Headquarters Hospital in Buner. Results: Out of 280 patients, 78% were females, indicating a higher prevalence among women. The highest prevalence among males (33%) was recorded at 70 years of age, while for females, it peaked (86%) at 50 years. The majority of cases belonged to the age group of 30-60 years. Multinodular goiter was the most common type observed. The data also reflected a higher incidence of goiter in hilly regions compared to plain areas, likely due to iodine deficiency. Conclusion: The study confirmed that goiter is more prevalent among females and tends to increase with age. The high incidence in hilly areas supports the association with low soil iodine content. This research underscores the need for targeted public health strategies, including iodine supplementation and education, particularly in at-risk areas.

The aim of this research to investigate the diversity, physiochemical analysis, and morphometric measurement of fish fauna of Khudo Khail stream District Buner Pakistan. The present study was conducted on the Khudo Khail stream District Buner during the period of October 2019 to October 2020 to explore the fish fauna of Khudo Khail stream. The study was conducted in 7 different localities in Khudo Khail stream that is Bato, Kalaan, Dambaray, Dhandar, Baba Berr, Qasam Khail and Totalai. During the study 94 specimens were together from the collection points. The collections were taxonomically treated in the result of 9 species of fish under 5 orders, 6 families and 9 genera. The species were Barilius pakistanicus (Mirza and Sadiq, 1978),Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), Channa punctata (Bloch, 1993), Cyprinion watsoni (Day, 1872), Mystus bleekeri (Francis Day, 1877),Oreochromis mossambicus (W. K. H. Peters, 1852),Pinctus ticto (Hamilton, 1822),Wallagu attu (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) and Matacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800). The water quality parameters of the Khudo Khail stream were also analyzed and were found to be suitable for the survival of the fish fauna. It was found that the fish fauna of Khudo Khail stream is very rich.