Haile Tewolde's research while affiliated with Agricultural Research Service and other places
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Publications (90)
Introgression of donor germplasm from Gossypium tetraploid species into Upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) would help alleviate the constricted genetic base of Upland cotton and increase opportunities for genetic improvement. The objective of this research was to determine whether the mineral nutrition and fiber quality of cotton are affected by and mi...
Remote sensing monitoring of crop growth began from airborne photography to assist in crop pest management and has evolved into monitoring from satellites, manned aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and ground-based systems for crop production process modeling, optimization, and control. In recent years, for crop growth remote sensing monito...
Optimal yield of corn fertilized with poultry litter (PL) may be achieved with less PL if applied by subsurface banding (LSS). The objective of this study was to determine, using economic analysis, if profit maximizing PL rate can be reduced if applied by LSS relative to the conventional surface broadcast (LBC) in corn production. Corn was grown wi...
Introgression of novel traits from alien to cultivated cotton species through the technique of chromosome substitution (CS) can be a valuable tool for broadening the genetic base of Upland cotton. The objective of this research was to determine whether the mineral nutrition and fiber quality of cotton can be improved by the introgression of selecte...
Background
The majority of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) investigations of cotton are focused on the fiber tissue for biological mechanisms and understanding of fiber development and maturity, but rarely on other cotton biomass components. This work examined in detail the ATR FT-IR spectral features of various c...
Highlights
Soil rutting commonly occurs during harvest and these ruts can adversely affect row crop planter performance.
Four rut types were used, two formed by a tire and two formed by cutting the soil and removing soil from the ruts.
Cotton seedling emergence at 15 days after planting typically was greater in unrutted soil than in rutted soil.
Re...
Exporting excess mineral nutrients from soils that receive repeated poultry litter (PL) applications may be enhanced by rotating crops and fertilizers that increase crop yield. This study determined the magnitude of yield enhancement and mineral nutrient removal at harvest by cotton–corn–soybean rotation systems and by PL‐synthetic fertilizer rotat...
Research question
Soil organic matter (SOM) addition has been shown to be effective for improving physicochemical and hydrological properties, but its effectiveness may be improved if amended with certain agro-industrial byproducts with cations and high carbon.
Purpose
This study was conducted to determine the quantitative effect of poultry litter...
Few studies were conducted to ascertain poultry litter (PL) and its residual influence on soil physical and hydrological properties. A field study was conducted on a sandy loam soil for 8 yr in corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations at Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment St...
Increasing soil organic matter (SOM) is one purpose of applying manures to soils, but soil‐applied manures decompose and disappear in a short time leaving very little trace as SOM. The objective of this study was to test and identify agricultural and industrial products and byproducts (PBP) that reduce the speed of manure decomposition and, potenti...
Applying poultry litter (PL) to meet a crop's P need is the most recommended poultry litter (PL) management practice but may not be the most ideal. In this study, alternative management strategies that included the rotations of crops and fertilizers were tested. Cotton, corn, and soybean were grown in rotation and fertilized with five fertility tre...
Soil nitrogen dynamics is affected by the interaction of cover crops and rainfall amount and distribution in rainfed agricultural production systems. There is a lack of understanding on soil nitrogen losses from cover crop-based based cropping systems receiving different rainfall amounts. A simulation model, RZWQM2 (Root Zone Water Quality Model),...
Biochar is known to improve soil physical properties, but its role in influencing soil erosion and nutrient losses, as well as biochar itself loss is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of soil, biochar and nitrogen losses in runoff and quantify the degree of sediment enrichment with biochar and nitrogen...
To achieve the optimal and diverse utilization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant residues in various agricultural, industrial, and environmental applications, the chemical composition of cotton biomass tissues across different plant parts (e.g., seed, boll, bur, leaves, stalk, stem, and root) is of essential information. Thus, in this work, we c...
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important inputs in crop production system. Concerns on excess N application have increasing due to the high cost of fertilizers and environmental pollution in cotton fields. Currently, the most common methods for obtaining information on N needs of cotton are labor-intensive, time-consuming, expensive, inaccurate. I...
Whether poultry litter (PL) increases concentration of selected mineral elements in corn ( Zea mays L.) grain has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to determine whether fertilizing corn with PL enriches the grain and other plant parts with selected mineral elements. Corn was grown in the field in northern Mississippi with...
Broadcast application is the typical application method for poultry litter, which is a mixture of poultry manure and a bedding material. Applying poultry litter in subsurface bands reduces concentrations of nutrients from the litter in surface runoff water, reduce loss of ammonia to volatilization, and has been shown to increase cotton lint yield,...
Core Ideas
Applying poultry litter in bands below the soil surface leads to greater conservation of most litter‐derived nutrients.
Fertilizing cotton with poultry litter, despite supplying additional Mn, leads to reduced extractable soil Mn and tissue Mn levels.
A yearly application of 6.1 Mg ha ‐1 poultry litter for three consecutive years failed...
Agronomic management is aimed at managing the crop environment to maximize crop yield, but soil biology is often ignored. This study aimed to compare the application of poultry litter via broadcast and subsurface banding versus standard inorganic fertilizer to cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their effects on soil bacterial populations and fecal...
Core Ideas
Applying manures in subsurface bands is more efficient than surface broadcasting.
Applying litter in single “thick” subsurface band per row leads to greater nutrient conservation than splitting the litter into multiple “thinner” bands.
Litter band accessibility to young cotton plants is greater with multiple rather than single bands per...
Closing wheels on a row crop planter help provide good seed-soil contact during planting and can influence emergence and crop stand. Various types of closing wheels are available to producers for use on planters. Seven closing wheel types were used on a row crop planter planting cotton in a conservation tillage system during a three-year study on a...
This study was initiated in 2005 at the Plant Material Center, NRCS, in Coffeeville MS, on an eroded Loring silt loam soil with 1–3% slope to determine the effects of broiler litter with tillage and cropping systems on improving soil quality and crop production. A randomized complete block design with three replications and split-plot arrangement o...
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important crop in the southern and southeastern parts of the United States, but cotton plant biomass residues are underutilized because the high-value lint receives the most attention. In this study, whole cotton plants were collected at midseason and just before harvest and were chemically characterized to expl...
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield responds well to increasing rates of poultry litter fertilization, but little is known of how optimum rates for yield compare with optimum rates for profit. The objectives of this study were to analyze cotton lint yield response to poultry litter application rates, determine and compare rates that maximize...
In no‐till cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems, the potential residual benefits to lint yield from prior years of poultry litter applications are not well known. The objective of this study was to quantify the productivity of no‐till cotton fertilized or unfertilized with synthetic N in years subsequent to the last poultry litter app...
Nitrogen fertilizer management is vital to corn ( Zea mays L.) production from financial and environmental perspectives. Poultry litter as a nutrient source in this cropping system is generally surface broadcast, potentially causing volatilization of NH 3 . Recently a new application method was developed allowing subsurface banding of poultry litte...
Knowledge of the fate of manure N is important to effectively manage it and minimize its environmental impact. The system model RZWQM2 was calibrated and evaluated using 3 yr of data to simulate the mineralization and fate of fall- and spring-applied poultry litter N. Litter (18 Mg ha-1) and, for comparison, NH4NO3 (202 kg N ha-1) were applied in f...
Cotton is one of the most important and widely grown crops in the world. In addition to natural textile fiber production as a primary purpose, it yields a high grade vegetable oil for human consumption and also carbohydrate fiber and protein byproducts for animal feed. In this work, attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR...
Whole cottonseed and its derived products can be used as human food, animal feed, and industrial raw material. Chemical composition of cottonseed is one of the critical parameters for evaluating its quality and potential end use. Especially, protein and dietary fibers are two desirable nutritional properties of cottonseed for animal feed. In this s...
Much of the poultry litter generated in the US is concentrated in six southern and southeastern states which also produce the majority of the nation's cotton. The enormous amount of litter generated in the region can be an environmental burden if not managed properly. Research has been conducted in the region to encourage the utilization of poultry...
Whether the yield reduction risk in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fertilized with fall-applied poultry litter, relative to springapplied litter, in regions with warm falls or winters can be minimized by applying the litter in subsurface bands along with a winter cover crop is unknown. A field study was conducted in Mississippi to determine whether...
Poultry litter, which is a mixture of poultry manure and a bedding material, is typically land-applied using broadcast application. During rainfall events, nutrients from surface-applied litter may be transported in runoff water, into streams, rivers, lakes, and other water bodies. A four-band implement for subsurface band application of poultry li...
The effectiveness of fall-or winter-applied poultry litter, relative to spring-applied litter, as row crop fertilizer in the southern and southeastern United States has not been well researched. A 3-yr field study was conducted in northern Mississippi to determine the effectiveness of litter as corn (Zea mays L.) fertilizer and quantify loss of its...
Cottonseed and its products can be used as human food, animal feed, and industrial raw material. Chemical composition is one of the critical parameters to evaluate cottonseed's quality and potential end use. Whereas there are reports on the improvement of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield by poultry litter (PL) fertilization, there are no d...
Manipulation of the plant root zone to reduce the impact of plant parasitic nematodes has been a goal of researchers. Addition of animal manure has a long history of improved soil quality and reduced soil-borne diseases. The objective of this research was to measure the agronomic benefits of broiler litter application to a soybean (Glycine max) cro...
Surface broadcast of broiler litter to no-till row crops exposes the litter and its nutrients to risks of loss in runoff water and volatilization and may limit the potential benefit of litter to the crops. Subsurface banding of litter could alleviate these risks. A field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009 on an upland Falkner silt loam soil to de...
Soil sampling guidelines do not exist for fields fertilized with solid manures applied in bands. The objective of this work was to describe the distribution of mineral nutrients and total C and propose a method of taking soil samples that represent the fertility level of a field following manure application in narrow bands below the soil surface. S...
Adopting efficient management practices for using poultry litter (PL) as an alternative to commercial fertilizer is critical for increased N use efficiency. This 3-year study investigated effects of application time (fall and spring) and method of application (soil incorporation and nonincorporation) of three PL rates and NH4NO3 (146 kg N ha−1) on...
Nitrogen fertilizer management is vital to no-till corn (Zea mays) production from financial and environmental perspectives. Poultry litter as a nutrient source in this cropping system is generally land applied by surface broadcast, potentially causing volatilization of ammonia (NH3)-N. Recently a new application method was developed that allows su...
Broiler litter is generally land applied by surface broadcasting, a practice that exposes litter nutrients to volatilization and surface runoff losses potentially contaminate environment. Placing litter in narrow bands below the soil surface may eliminate such losses but this practice has not been evaluated. Field experiments were conducted in 2008...
Adopting proper management practices for poultry litter (PL) is critical to increase N efficiency, maximize yield, and reduce negative environmental impacts. This study investigated the effects of application time (fall and spring) of two PL rates (9.0 and 18.0 Mg ha−1) and commercial N-P-K fertilizer blend (224 kg N ha−1, 84 kg P ha−1, 145.6 kg K...
The residual effect of broiler litter on soil properties is not well documented. Field studies were conducted in Coffeeville on an Ariel silt loam soil and Cruger on a Dubbs silt loam soil to evaluate the residual effect of repeated broiler litter application to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on soil properties. Broiler litter was applied at 0, 2.2...
Poultry litter is a superior fertilizer for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in some soils, but whether this superiority is related with its ability to supply multiple mineral nutrients has not been well investigated in the field. The objective of this research was to determine if the yield increasing effect of litter relative to inorganic...
In Mississippi, spent poultry litter is used as fertilizer. Nutrient and bacterial levels in litter and nutrient levels in litter-fertilized (L+) soil are known, but less is known of bacterial levels in L+ soil. This study compared contiguous L+ and non-litter-fertilized (L-) soils comprising 15 soil types on five farms in April through May 2009. L...
Imposing a moderate level of nutrient deficiency may be an effective management strategy to limit vegetative growth and enhance maturity of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Whether such deficiency affects fiber quality of American Pima cotton, however, is not well known. A field study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to determine the fiber qual...
Surface application of broiler litter to no-till cotton could lead to degradation of water quality. Incorporation of broiler litter into the top surface soil (0.05 m) could alleviate this risk. A 2-yr field study was conducted on a silt loam upland soil to determine the effect of incorporation of broiler litter into the soil surface on nutrient and...
The magnitude of soil nutrients derived from poultry litter that carryover to succeeding seasons and the possibility to decrease litter rates applied to soils with only a few years of application history is not well understood. The objective of this research was to determine and quantify the potential carryover effect of moderate broiler litter fer...
Increasing interest of using broiler litter in the fall for row crops has implications for leaching losses of nutrients, particularly N. Any cultural practice that prevents nutrient losses could be agronomically beneficial and improve soil fertility. A field study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 on Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, t...
A 3-year study was conducted to determine the effects of broiler litter relative to inorganic fertilizer on soil nutrient content and quality in an upland Loring silt loam soil. Treatments included annual broiler litter rates of 0, 2.2, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 10.1, and 13.4 Mg ha-1 y-1 and commercial fertilizer rates of 34, 68, 90, 112, 134, and 168 kg nit...
More than 80% of broiler (chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus) litter produced annually is applied as a plant nutrient source, particularly for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to pastures. However, N losses during the process of litter N mineralization limit availability of N to crops. This study determined broiler litter N and P availability and ap...
Estimates of litter value based on crop yield equivalency to inorganic fertilization may reflect the actual value of litter more accurately than estimates based on its N, P, and K content. The primary objective of this research was to identify a rate of broiler litter that results in cotton lint yield equivalent to inorganic N fertilization and to...
Poultry litter is an effective N fertilizer for cotton. Litter contains substantial amounts of K and Mg also, but whether the K and Mg needs of cotton can be met by the commonly recommended litter rate has not been documented. The objectives of this research were to determine if cotton receives sufficient K from the application of the commonly reco...
Understanding the effects of management practices on soil properties is necessary because soil properties are directly related to the capacity of soil to function. Soil physical, chemical and biological properties were determined after 3 yr in three cropping sequences [continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (CCC), cotton-corn (Zea mays L.)-cotto...
Effectiveness of surface-applied unincorporated broiler litter as a fertilizer relative to conventional inorganic fertilizers under no-till or conventional-till cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems in the upland soils of the southern and southeastern USA is not well documented. The objectives of this research were to (1) test if broile...
Poultry litter may benefit continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the heavier Midsouth soils in the same way as crop rotation. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of poultry litter in maintaining yield of continuous cotton compared with cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation in the Black Belt Prairie clay...
Dry poultry litter is typically land applied by surface broadcasting, a practice that exposes certain litter nutrients to volatilization loss. Applying litter with a new, experimental implement that places the litter in narrow bands below the soil surface may reduce or eliminate such losses but has not been tested experimentally. The objective of t...
Application to land of large quantities of waste materials from concentrated animal production, without causing environmental pollution, presents a major challenge to agriculture in the 21st century. Effects of land-applied animal wastes on chemical contents of soil are well documented, but less is understood of their effects on microbial populatio...
Two studies were conducted for this research. First, a laboratory incubation to quantify broiler litter N mineralization with the following treatments: two soil moisture regimes, constant at 60% water fill pore space (WFPS) and fluctuating (60-30% WFPS), three soil types, Brooksville silty clay loam, Ruston sandy loam from Mississippi, and Catlin s...
Presently, more than 85% of the broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter (BCL) is being applied to pasture lands year-round. This practice results in nutrient losses and potentially unfavorable
environmental impacts particularly during the wet winter months. A field plot experiment was initiated in 2001 on a Ruston
silt loam in Mize, MS to...
The effectiveness of poultry litter as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fertilizer is not well documented for upland soils in the southern and southeastern United States. The objective of this research was to measure cotton yield response to broiler litter fertilization in contrast to inorganic N fertilization and to quantify yield reduction due to l...
Applying broiler litter to the soil surface of a no-till field of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) increases the potential loss of its nutrients via runoff and volatilization. An experiment was conducted over 3 yr on an upland Atwood silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudalfs) near Pontotoc, MS, to determine the effect of...
Knowledge of the magnitude of P extracted and removed by har- vested crop is an important component of effectively managing poultry litter to minimize or prevent the buildup of P in soil. This knowledge does not exist or is not well documented in cotton fertilized with litter as the primary fertilizer. The objective of this research was to quantify...
This study was conducted on two separate commercial farms representing no-till at Coffeeville and conventional tillage system at Cruger in Mississippi to evaluate the dynamics of selected some trace elements in response to long-term broiler litter application to cotton. The soil at Cruger is a Dubbs silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typ...
Improved understanding of the effects of broiler litter application to row crops as a source of nutrients on soil properties is required to predict the outcome of litter applications and prevent undesirable environmental impacts. This study was conducted on two separate commercial farms representing a no-till system at Coffeeville and a conventiona...
Inefficient extraction of litter-derived N and its loss to the immediate environment is a concern when poultry litter is used as a fertilizer. This research determined the magnitude of N extraction by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fertilized with broiler litter with or without supplemental inorganic N. Extraction of N by cotton fertilized with lit...
Poultry litter is generated in large quantities in the same southeastern U.S. states where cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a dominant field crop, but is rarely used as a primary cotton fertilizer partly because of lack of adequate management recommendations. This research was conducted to determine adequate rates of broiler litter and whether sup...
The existence of genetic variation in wheat for tolerance to high temperature stress has been reported but cultivars released for a particular production system often are not characterized. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the characteristics of wheat cultivars adapted to production systems with risks of high temperature dur...
Analytically, poultry litter contains nearly all essential micronutrients but the extent of phytoavailability of these nutrients and whether cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and other crop plants can receive adequate amounts of these nutrients from litter is not fully known. The objective of this research was to determine whether cotton receives suff...
AccuPAR, which is a relatively new instrument for estimating leaf area index (LAI) by measuring light interception, has wide distribution but only limited independent evaluation of its accuracy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of AccuPAR for estimating LAI of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted on different row spacings....
AccuPAR, which is a relatively new instrument for estimating leaf area index (LAI) by measuring light interception, has wide distribution but only limited independent evaluation of its accuracy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of AccuPAR for estimating LAI of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted on different row spacings....
The ability of poultry litter to support plant growth by supplying essential plant nutrients in the absence of other sources of the nutrients has not been studied thoroughly. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the ability of poultry litter, as the sole nutrient source, to provide macronutrients and support growth of cotton (Gossy...
Although most of the N required by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is provided through the process of symbiotic N2 fixation, supplemental N using broiler litter may boost soybean grain yields. The effects of broiler litter and commercial fertilizer applications on soybean yield, N and P uptake, and residual soil N and P were evaluated on a Leeper...
Broiler "cake," which is the by-product of broiler manure management practice, is directly applied to pasture or crop lands. We studied the impact of season and broiler producers' management on broiler cake nutrient content from three commercial broiler producers. Broiler cake pH ranged from 7.0 in the summer to 8.3 in the winter among all producer...
Understanding manure nutrient dynamics in soil with any crop is an important management practice for farmers and producers to document accountability and to use manure resources optimally. A field experiment was conducted to quantify input, output, and the year-round major plant nutrient dynamics in a fine sandy loam soil supplied with 15.75 Mg ha-...
Nitrogen nutrition plays a critical role in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. However, increasing N fertilization may not always be desirable because production problems occur when N supply exceeds the crop requirement. A field experiment was conducted during 2000-2002 to study the optimal quantity of N needed from litter or combination of...
Understanding manure nutrient dynamics in soil with any crop is an important management practice for farmers and producers to document accountability and to use manure resources optimally. A field experiment was conducted to quantify input, output, and the year‐round major plant nutrient dynamics in a fine sandy loam soil supplied with 15.75 Mg ha...
The ability of peanut plants to adjust to wide plant-to-plant spacing and the use of more precise mechanical planters have not been thoroughly exploited to reduce seeding rates. The magnitude of plant growth adjustment of two runner peanut cultivars to reduced seeding rate was studied in 1992 and 1993. A precision vacuum planter was used to plant t...
Yield responses of two runner peanut cultivars, GK-7 and Southern Runner (SR), to reduced seeding rates and irrigation were evaluated in 1992 and 1993. The cultivars were planted in single rows per bed at 8,12, and 22 seed/m² with a vacuum precision planter and irrigated with a line source irrigation system that delivered irrigation ranging from no...
Tomato spotted wilt virus has been the cause of an important peanut disease in southwestern Texas since the mid-1980s. Following observations of elevated disease incidence associated with poor stands, high seeding rates were recommended to reduce risks of spotted wilt. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship of spotted...
Whether the extent of dry weight inhibition by nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) deficiencies on different plant parts is the same and whether imposing moderate N and P deficiencies selectively suppress undesirable vegetative growth has not been studied in Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to...
Petiole NO3-N concentration (PNN) has been recommendaeds indicator of midseason N deficiency in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsatum L.). Its use in Pima cotton (G. barbadense L.) managemeenstp, ecially when early maturity is the goal, is not well documented. A 3-yr study evaluated PNN as an indicator of N status in Pima cotton in order to identify a...
Crop loss assessment charts and loss adjustments related to hail damage are based on studies that determine the degree of plant recovery from defoliation. Such information is lacking in sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.). An irrigated study was conducted in 1989 and 1990 to determine the ability of a nonbranching sesame cultivar to recover from defoliati...