H. v. Helmholtz's scientific contributions
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Citations
... Recognition that sense interpretation must work "top down" rather than "bottom up," as conventionally assumed, was first documented by Helmholtz in the 1860s [128] and developed in more detail by Gregory [56] (who, in the 1980s, explicitly related perception to hypothesis testing in science), and by Rao and Ballard [108] in the 1990s. PP posits that the brain builds probabilistic models of its environment and uses these to predict its sensory input. ...
