H. Landis Floyd's research while affiliated with University of Alabama at Birmingham and other places
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Publications (40)
Many arc flash studies have been performed since the publication of IEEE 1584-2002 and NFPA 70E-2004. These studies represent a substantial investment in resources and time. The 2018 revision of IEEE 1584 is an improved arc flash model, substantially different in many ways. When the expanded range of calculation parameters is used, the resultant pr...
Electrical hazards are found in nearly every workplace, yet many safety professionals are not equipped with the background necessary to navigate some of the technical issues required to mitigate them. This creates challenges when implementing electrical safety programs and when making sure electrical hazards are addressed with the priority they des...
Modern awareness of workplace hazards has created a range of safety standards and best practices now accepted and implemented in the design and construction of many types of industrial and commercial installations. Prevention through Design (PtD) concepts are well understood and commonly applied in the design of many facilities where dangerous chem...
In the context of the hierarchy of risk controls, Warnings, Administrative Controls and Personal Protective Equipment are sometimes referred to as Lower Order Controls. In practice, the effectiveness of these controls can be overestimated due to a misunderstanding of the human factors that affect error likelihood in their implementation. This paper...
For the first time, the 2015 revision to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E made reference to a more than 50-year-old safety management methodology, with the reference to the hierarchy of risk controls in Section 110.1(G). This paper discusses the difference between the risk control measure “elimination” as defined in occupational heal...
Electrical workplace fatalities for the calendar year 2014 (January 1, 2014-December 31, 2014) were evaluated from the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of workplace fatalities and catastrophes. Electrocutions in U.S. workplaces continue to be a concern, especially for nonelectrical workers where electrical hazards...
For the past decade, the discussion of occupational electrical safety in the U.S. has largely focused on compliance with NFPA70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. Without taking away from the importance of the requirements in the standard, this paper describes a more comprehensive solution, based on proven concepts known as systems...
This paper discusses three evolving and leading edge developments in advanced safety management with significant potential for accelerating further improvements in prevention of serious injuries and fatalities from electrical hazards. These topics are: 1) systems safety engineering as an approach integrating application of engineering and managemen...
This paper examines cultural drift with respect to occupational electrical safety. It poses the question of how the reduction in occupational electrocution fatalities over the past 40 years could present new challenges in maintaining electrical safety vigilance today, including the impact on electrical injury-related risk perceptions of workers, su...
This paper discusses demonstrated results from the electrical safety improvement strategy documented in the paper, Creating a Continuous Improvement Environment for Electrical Safety, presented at the 1992 IEEE IAS Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference. Two of the original authors present this follow-up paper with a critique of the continuous...
Electrical safety is highly regulated in all industrialized countries. Historically, electrical hazard mitigation focused on measures to prevent electric shock. As awareness of arc flash as a unique hazard separate and distinct from shock emerged in the 1980s, standards began to address its mitigation. Comparing standards from North America and the...
Low-voltage motor control centers (MCCs) are numerous and consume a large portion of maintenance and operator interaction in an industrial power distribution system. The extensive human interaction with these low-voltage (less than 1,000 V) circuits makes a low-voltage MCC a location of significant potential hazard. The large number of low-voltage...
The results of electric-shock and arc-flash hazard and risk analysis are dependent on certain aspects of the electrical equipment to be maintained, including the mechanical integrity of covers, doors and barriers, the mechanical and electrical integrity of bonding and grounding systems, and the functional performance of circuit-protection devices a...
Most people are aware of electrostatic discharges at two extremes: 1) the annoying shock from static accumulation from sliding across an automobile seat or shuffling across a carpet and 2) the highly dangerous and destructive energy discharge in lightning strikes. Between these two extremes are the static discharges from manufacturing operations th...
The premise of this paper is that a significant portion of the workforce has been unintentionally overlooked in some efforts to reduce electrical injuries and fatalities in North America. This paper discusses limitations, application and potential impact of North American standards providing measures for electrical injury and fatality prevention an...
Electrical safety is highly regulated in all industrialized countries. Historically, the details of electrical hazard mitigation focused on measures to prevent electric shock. as awareness of arc flash as a unique hazard separate and distinct from shock emerged in the 1980s, standards began to address its mitigation. Comparing standards from North...
There are several industry and international standards that address safety-management systems. These standards are well harmonized and based on the proven quality-manage ment principles. Consensus electrical safety standards in North America by themselves can be implemented within the context of a safety-management system standard, be it a consensu...
Most people are aware of electrostatic discharges (ESD) at two extremes - the annoying shock from static accumulation from sliding across an automobile seat or shuffling across a carpet, and the highly dangerous and destructive energy discharge in lightning strikes. Between these two extremes are static discharges from manufacturing operations that...
The scope and potential impact that the Prevention through Design (PtD) initiative sponsored by the U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) could have on electrical safety, are discussed. NIOSH has launched the PtD initiative on the premise that there is a tendency in the United States to focus on administrative controls a...
The intent of this article is to start a dialog for exploring the concepts of PtD as applied to the hazards in construction. This article summarizes the scope and potential impact the NIOSH PtD initiative could have on electrical safety for all crafts in construction work environments. Based on NIOSH analysis, the construction industry represents 7...
The results of electric shock and arc flash hazard/risk analysis are dependent on certain aspects of the electrical equipment to be maintained to assure designed and assumed performance. This includes the mechanical integrity of covers, doors and barriers, the mechanical and electrical integrity of bonding and grounding systems, as well as the func...
Electrical safety is highly regulated in all industrialized countries. Historically, the details of electrical hazard mitigation focused on measures to prevent electric shock. As awareness of arc flash as a unique hazard separate and distinct from shock emerged in the 1980s, standards began to address its mitigation. Comparing standards from North...
The scopes of NFPA 70E-2009 Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, and CSA Z462-2008, Workplace Electrical Safety, currently limit these standards from addressing engineering design solutions and other aspects of safety management strategies as part of comprehensive measures necessary to effectively manage electrical safety in the workpla...
Transporting raw materials and finished products by rail is essential to many industries. Railcar loading/unloading facilities for liquids, gases, and solids may have fire and explosion risks and must be designed to eliminate ignition sources. The rail lines supporting cars at these stations may extend for miles outside of the process area and can...
Electrical safety is highly regulated in all industrialized countries. There is both commonality and differences in electrical safety standards and regulations country to country. This paper suggests a path forward to compare standards and regulations applicable in North America (NFPA70E, CSAZ462, ANSI/IEEE C2), Europe (EN 50110), Brazil (NR 10) an...
Prevention through Design is a seven year initiative launched by US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in July 2007 to advance the practical application of workplace hazard mitigation through design. This initiative is intended to raise awareness and stimulate innovation in policies, regulations, and standards supporting a...
This paper describes a global science and technology company’s experience in optimizing the synergy between a state of the art electrical safety program and process safety management. Process safety management tends to focus on equipment and systems that are directly associated with hazardous manufacturing processes. Electric power, control and dat...
Compliance with regulations or consensus codes and standards is often not sufficient to eliminate the potential for injury or fatality from electrical sources. Recently available data on the scope of electrical incidents underscores the need to revisit the strategic advantages to be gained through implementation of human factors principles across e...
Transporting raw materials and finished products by rail is essential to many industries. Rail car loading and unloading facilities for liquids, gases, and solids may have fire and explosion risks and must be designed to eliminate ignition sources. The rail lines supporting cars at these stations may extend for miles outside of the process area and...
Citations
... where, is incident energy in cal/cm 2 , is calculation factor (1.0 for voltages above 1 kV 1.5 for voltages below 1 kV), is normalized incident energy in J/cm 2 , is arc duration in sec, is distance from the possible arc point to the person in mm and is distance exponent [18]. ...
... Despite the fact that aircraft maintenance is considered a highrisk job task in aviation due to its critical impact on aviation safety, it still plays a significant role in aircraft accidents and incidents [13][14][15][16]. A couple of studies [17,18] emphasised the importance of developing a culture of recognising, reporting, and learning from past maintenance errors in order to improve maintenance quality and aircraft safety. Furthermore, Periyar Selvam et al. [19] reported that maintenance costs account for approximately 10% to 20% of total aircraft operating costs. ...
... For this reason, it is relevant to particularly analyse how wine producing organisations invest in risk management strategies and how entrepreneurs perceive residual risk after such investment has been made (Floyd and Floyd, 2017). Residual risk is defined as the risk that remains after protective measures have been taken, and indicates the level of confidence that decision makers have in the implemented risk strategy (Damodaran, 2003;AIRMIC-ALARM-IRM, 2010;Sadgrove, 2016). ...
... Em toda e qualquer organização, as atividades de operação e manutenção em sistemas elétricos possuem riscos elétricos intrínsecos, onde prioritariamente estudos de análise e gerenciamento de riscos devem ser realizados e medidas de controle adotadas que visam primariamente o valor à vida e à preservação da Segurança, da Saúde e do Meio Ambiente, através da eliminação ou mitigação de riscos, conforme explicita Floyd [1] e Neitzel [2]. ...
... The electric accidents occurred during transformer servicing are mainly due to improper isolation whereas the electrical injuries due to carelessness and human errors are significantly increasing [16]. The literature [27], [28] demonstrated the characteristics of electrical injury and conveyed that contact with overhead lines has caused several electric injuries and fatalities. The rate of electric accidents is about 0.04% to 5% in developed countries, and it is 27% in developing countries, whereas the global average is 4.5%. ...
... The decrease in the frequency of accidents of electrical origin compared to other types of risks may lead to a misconception that the electrical hazard management of electrical risks is under control [6], [8]. Although these accidents are rare when they do occur, they are usually serious and, can lead to fatal outcomes [3]. Considering this, the implementation of qualified management to reduce the risks involved in the process of operating power substations has become necessary in the activities of companies, which realize the corresponding management [6], [7]. ...
... The different Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of an organization, such as near-misses, injuries, fatalities, and lost work hours, create a long-term impact on the production process. Various industrial safety-related issues that the researchers address include process safety, electrical equipment in hazardous zones, electric shocks, safe work practices, safety designs, and ground fault protection techniques [107], [108], [110]. Additionally, hot or radioactive zones involving molten metals, laser cutters, and other such highly hazardous processes in smelters, foundries, forges, and mills are also substantial risk factors in their respective industries. ...
... There has been only one sand casting explosion accident since 2001 according to the Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China: the aforementioned accident at the Anshan Iron and Steel Group [7]. In this study, we calculated sand casting explosion frequency based on the Heinrich accident triangle to resolve this information deficiency [25][26][27]. ...
... However, electrons will be captured and trapped on another surface if either one or both objects are insulation material, resulting in different amounts of protons and electrons, and the materials become charged. The electrostatic discharge can cause severe damage to the products and the operators [4], [5], [7], [8]. For example, in the electronic industry, the electrostatic discharge, transferred either from the operator to electronic devices or vice versa, can cause electronic devices to malfunction [4], [6]. ...
... The permeability of coal reservoirs in China is generally poor because of the geological occurrence (Kong et al. 2016(Kong et al. , 2021, and artificial reinforcement is usually used to change their physical and chemical properties and storage environment, which can effectively improve the gas extraction rate and enhance the pore permeability characteristics by promoting the development of inside pores/ fractures (Liu et al. 2020b;Zhou et al. 2021Zhou et al. , 2022Nainar and Govindarajan 2021;Mukherjee et al. 2021). At present, the proposed strengthening measures mainly include three categories: ①Hydraulic measures, such as hydraulic fracturing (Huerta et al. 2020;Ahamed et al. 2021;Mehmood et al. 2021;Wang et al. 2022), hydraulic slotting (Ogata et al. 2020;Deng et al. 2012), and hydraulic punching (Adrián et al. 2011;Li et al. 2021c); ②waterless fracturing measures, such as ultrasonic (Ali et al. 2018;Horie et al. 2014;Zhang et al. 2022), microwave radiation (L'udmila et al. 2004;Mahat et al. 2014), electric shock (Mohla et al. 2010;Sanchez et al. 2016;Floyd 2011;Yin et al. 2021), and injection of low-temperature fluids (carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen) (Grebenyuk and Dreyer 2016;Gopalaswami et al. 2016;Marcoulaki et al. 2017;Beteta and Ivanova 2015;Zhou et al. 2019Zhou et al. , 2020; and ③combined enhancement techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing/hydraulic slotting integration (Holahan and Arnold 2013), hydraulic perforation/hydraulic fracturing integration (Nemcik et al. 2015), and hydraulic acid fracturing (Andrew et al. 2013;Qiu et al. 2019). Among these methods, the low-temperature liquid nitrogen enhanced fracturing method is based on the liquid nitrogen vapor expansion and the characteristics of water-ice phase change in the coal seam to realize the transformation of the physical and chemical structure of the coal seam (Liu et al. 2020a), to effectively improve the efficiency of coalbed methane extraction (Liu et al. 2020c). ...