Gregory T Smith's research while affiliated with University of Kentucky and other places
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Publications (190)
Aims
Negative urgency, which refers to the tendency to act rashly when experiencing intense negative emotions, consistently serves as a robust predictor of problem drinking and other maladaptive behaviors. However, very little is known about the factors that influence the development of negative urgency itself. Although urgency theory suggests that...
This multi-method, two-study investigation tested the hypothesis that, controlling for guilt and negative affect, shame increases following binge eating. Support for this hypothesis constitutes the first step in testing the theory that shame mediates the link between binge eating and comorbid psychopathology. Study 1 employed a laboratory binge-eat...
Objective:
The Acquired Preparedness (AP) model proposes that impulsive personality traits predispose some individuals to learn certain behavior-outcome associations (expectancies), and that these expectancies in turn influence the escalation of risky behaviors. This theory has been applied to the development of behaviors such as drinking, drug us...
Objective:
Body dissatisfaction elevates the risk for disordered eating behaviors. Excessive exercise is prevalent among college women and associated with harm. Risk theory posits a bidirectional relationship between risk factors for disordered eating behaviors and the behaviors themselves. This study investigated the longitudinal, reciprocal rela...
Although broad dispositional negative affect predicts problematic alcohol use, emerging
evidence suggests that individual differences in how people experience and respond to negative affect may play an important role in risk. In a sample of 358 college students assessed twice across their first year of college, the current study investigated the p...
Current construct validity theory emphasizes the following points. The process of validating measures of unobservable constructs is also the process of validating theories of psychological functioning. That process is ongoing for each measure and theory: Construct validity is never fully established but, rather, evidence for the validity of measure...
Both affective lability and eating expectancies have been found to predict binge eating. There is the additional possibility that the joint effect of affective lability and eating expectancies incurs further risk: perhaps expectancies for affective relief from eating operate more strongly in those experiencing frequent, rapid shifts in emotion. In...
Aims:
Negative affect has been implicated in risk for the development of problematic drinking behavior. Furthermore, there is evidence for reciprocal relationships between negative affect and problem drinking, such that engagement in problem drinking also predicts increases in negative affect. However, affective models of risk often fail to consid...
This chapter examines how different responses to emotional distress may increase risk for addictive behaviors. Research suggests that individuals may engage in risky or addictive behaviors such as drinking, drug use, and bulimic behaviors as a way to ameliorate feelings of emotional distress. First, we review recent models of emotion-based risk. Th...
An important advance in understanding and defining mental disorders has been the development of empirical approaches to mapping dimensions of dysfunction and their interrelatedness. Such empirical approaches have consistently observed intercorrelations among the many forms of psychopathology, leading to the identification of a general factor of psy...
Affect has been implicated in the risk process for addictive behaviors, broadly, and for problematic alcohol use, specifically (Atkinson et al., in press). Broad affect and the various constructs that fall under this umbrella are the cornerstone of several theories and programs of research investigating alcohol use and abuse. Two such constructs ar...
An important advance in understanding and defining mental disorders has been to take empirical approaches to mapping dimensions of dysfunction and their inter-relatedness. Such empirical approaches have consistently observed intercorrelations among the many forms of psychopathology, leading to the identification of a general factor of psychopatholo...
This chapter aims to review recent advances in the application of one version of social learning theory, expectancy theory, to dysfunctional human behavior. We review expectancy theory and explain how individuals tend to choose behaviors for which they expect rewards or reinforcement and avoid behaviors from which they anticipate punishment. We cri...
An important advance in understanding and defining mental disorders has been the development of empirical approaches to mapping dimensions of dysfunction and their interrelatedness. Such empirical approaches have consistently observed intercorrelations among the many forms of psychopathol-ogy, leading to the identification of a general factor of ps...
There is extensive evidence for the clinical significance of Purging Disorder (PD), an eating disorder characterized by recurrent purging behavior (self-induced vomiting, laxative use, and diuretic use) in the absence of binge eating and low weight (Smith, Crowther, & Lavender, 2017). Research on the personality profile of PD is still developing bu...
The current study examines the measurement properties and validity of a novel, abbreviated youth version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale that was developed to maintain measurement consistency with the existing adult short form. Specifically, we examined this scale's (a) factor structure; (b) measurement and structural invariance across four...
The current study examines the measurement properties and validity of a novel, abbreviated youth version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale that was developed to maintain measurement consistency with the existing adult short form. Specifically, we examined this scale’s (1) factor structure; (2) measurement and structural invariance across four...
Background: Affective disturbances have long been implicated in the onset and maintenance of problematic alcohol use. Affective risk theory for problem drinking has moved beyond early documentation that negative affect, broadly, confers risk to models specifying more specific affect-based risk processes.
Objective: This paper provides a theory-driv...
Negative and positive urgency (the disposition to act rashly when in a highly negative or positive mood, respectively) have been identified as strong correlates of problem drinking and other addictive behaviors and potent predictors of subsequent drinking onset and increase (Peterson & Smith, 2017; Smith & Cyders, 2016). An unaddressed, important q...
Psychiatric comorbidities are prevalent in youth eating disorders. In a sample of 1,906 youth from the United States (49.2% female), followed from elementary school into high school, we found support for a model to help explain this comorbidity. Endorsement of binge eating in fifth grade (elementary school) predicted increases in negative urgency,...
Background and aims:
To determine whether transdiagnostic risk, represented as elevations in one high-risk personality trait, interacts with behavior-specific risk, represented as elevated expectancies for reinforcement from either drinking or smoking, to account partly for early adolescent drinking and smoking behavior.
Design:
Multiple regress...
Objective
Binge eating, the transdiagnostic risk associated with depression, and the eating disorder‐specific risk associated with expectancies for reinforcement from thinness have been identified as risk factors for the development of weight control behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine if these risk factors transact to further predi...
Abundant evidence links personality with emotion via coping. Alternatively, personality can be viewed as an emergent property of responses to the experience of emotion. Dispositions to control, approach, escape, and avoid one's emotional experience underlie diverse traits, including positive and negative urgency, trait emotional approach and avoida...
Alcohol expectancies are important determinants of adolescent drinking, but this relationship may differ based on race/ethnicity. This study used time-varying effect modeling to examine racial/ethnic differences in positive and negative alcohol expectancies and their relationship with drinking among White, African American, and Hispanic youth. Yout...
Objective:
Impulsigenic personality traits are among the many factors demonstrated to predict drinking behavior among late adolescents. The current study tested the opposite possibility, that during the emerging adulthood developmental period, problematic drinking behavior predicts increases in impulsigenic traits. This possibility is important be...
By ages 15-16, a subset of adolescents report problem drinking and engagement in maladaptive coping behaviors, both of which presage future alcohol use disorders. This paper reports on a test of whether these behaviors can be predicted by characteristics of those youth at ages 10-11. In a sample of 1889 adolescents measured in the spring of 5th, 6t...
Binge eating and purging behaviors are associated with significant harm and distress among adolescents. The process by which these behaviors develop (often in the high school years) is not fully understood. We tested the Acquired Preparedness (AP) model of risk involving transactions among biological, personality, and psychosocial factors to predic...
Objective:
To explore the bidirectional relations between alcohol use and three impulsive personality traits, to advance understanding of risk processes.
Participants:
525 college students (mean age = 18.95 years) recruited in August 2008 and 2009 and followed up annually for three years.
Methods:
Personality and past/current substance use wer...
In a sample of 1,897 youth studied across the last year of elementary school to the second year of high school, we identified five trajectories of drinking frequency. Three of those (nondrinkers, middle onset, and late onset drinkers) were not drinking in elementary school; two others (moderate drinkers and early high drinkers) were. Among original...
Three separate and distinct literatures exist investigating general factors of psychopathology (p factor), personality (GFP), and personality disorder (g-PD). Surprisingly, there has been little-to-no investigation regarding the convergence of these three distinct general factors. In the present investigation, two studies were conducted examining t...
Three separate and distinct literatures exist investigating general factors of psychopathology (p factor), personality (general factor of personality, GFP), and personality disorder (g-PD). Surprisingly, there has been little to no investigation regarding the convergence of these three distinct general factors. In the present investigation, two stu...
Objective:
Exposure to sexual assault results in ongoing harms for women. After an assault, some women engage in higher levels of externalizing behaviors, such as problem drinking, and others experience higher levels of internalizing dysfunction, such as symptoms of anxiety and depression. We sought to understand the role of premorbid factors on t...
Sexual assault is a major public health concern and college women are four times more likely to experience sexual assault than any other group. We investigated whether sexting is a mechanism by which alcohol use increases risk for college women to be targeted for sexual assault. We hypothesized that sexting would mediate the relationship between pr...
The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence and covariation of four eating disorder behaviors across the elementary, middle, and high school years. In a sample of 1,906 youth measured over 5 years at nine time points, from the past year of elementary school through the second year of high school, binge eating, purging (self-induced vomi...
This introduction presents the context in which the Journal of Abnormal Psychology created a special section to highlight outstanding contributions by young investigators in the field of eating disorders. The first motivating factor relates to our field’s approach to mentoring and supporting its next generation of researchers. The second motivating...
This is a time of striking progress in the field of eating disorders, and outstanding young psychological scientists are playing an important role in this progress. This special section provides a sample of this work, which is characterized by a diversity of research questions and methods. The importance of transdiagnostic processes that increase r...
Background
Among early adolescents in the United States (U.S.), the prevalence of cigarette smoking is at its lowest level in recent decades. Nonetheless, given the risks of smoking in early development, it remains critically important to study both risk factors for smoking and risks from smoking. This longitudinal study with U.S. early adolescents...
Background and aims:
Among U.S. high school students, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are associated with numerous concurrent and future harms. We tested whether multiple elementary school personality dispositions to behave impulsively can predict these addictive behaviors invariably across gender and race.
Design and setting:
This lon...
While the overall stability of personality across the lifespan has been well-documented, one does see incremental changes in a number of personality traits, changes that may impact overall life trajectories in both positive and negative ways. In this chapter, we present a new, developmentally-oriented and integrative model of the factors that might...
Personality traits in children predict numerous life outcomes. Although traits are generally stable, if there is personality change in youth, it could affect subsequent behavior in important ways. We found that the trait of urgency, the tendency to act impulsively when highly emotional, increases for some youth in early adolescence. This increase c...
Objective:
To help clarify the effect of gender on the bidirectional relationship between alcohol use and strenuous physical activity in college students.
Participants:
524 (52% female) college students recruited in August 2008 and 2009 and followed up in April 2009 and April 2011, respectively.
Methods:
Participants reported their alcohol use...
A significant proportion of youth engage in health risk behaviors, which are of concern, as they are associated with adverse health consequences across development. Two factors associated with engagement in such behaviors are emotion dysregulation and impulsivity. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is an effective intervention that enhances emoti...
Compensatory exercise and fasting behavior, in the absence of binge eating and purging, appear to be important eating disorder behaviors that are associated with dysfunction, but little is known about these behaviors in youth. We studied the trajectories of their development in non-binge eating and non-purging girls during early adolescence. Using...
In youth, maladaptive personality traits such as urgency (the tendency to act rashly when highly emotional) predict early onset alcohol consumption. In adults, maladaptive behaviors, including substance use, predict negative personality change. This article reports on a test of hypothesized maladaptive, reciprocal prediction between youth drinking...
Background:
An empirically based, clinically usable approach to cross-informant integration in clinical assessment is needed. Although the importance of this ongoing issue is becoming increasingly recognized, little in the way of solid recommendations is currently provided to researchers and clinicians seeking to incorporate multiple informant rep...
Background:
The personality traits of positive and negative urgency refer to the tendencies to act rashly when experiencing unusually positive or negative emotions, respectively.
Methods:
The authors review recent empirical work testing urgency theory (Cyders and Smith, 2008a) and consider advances in theory related to these traits.
Results:
E...
Binge eating is a hallmark feature of several types of eating disorders, including bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa (binge/purge type), and binge-eating disorder, and is associated with numerous harmful consequences. For decades, researchers have sought to understand what maintains and reinforces this behavior in the face of such profound negative...
We tested a theoretical model concerning the role of attentional bias and negative affect in food consumption that offers important advances. We hypothesized that the effects of negative affect manipulations on food consumption vary as a function of trait levels of negative urgency (NU; tendency to act impulsively when distressed), and attentional...
Boys appear to engage in eating disorder behavior, particularly nonpurging compensatory behaviors such as driven exercise and fasting, at higher rates than previously thought. Little is known about the development of these behaviors in adolescent boys. In a sample of 631 non-binge eating and non-purging boys studied once in 5th grade and 6 times ov...
This Handbook explores the origins, development, and course of substance use as it emerges and unfolds in adolescence. Given the large causal network involved in adolescent substance use and abuse as well as its powerful impact, both at the time of use and in terms of the long term outcomes and complications of use, the domains covered by this volu...
To investigate whether there are different patterns of development for binge eating and purging behavior among preadolescent and early adolescent girls, we conducted trajectory analyses of those behaviors in 938 girls across 8 waves of data from the spring of 5th grade (the last year of elementary school) through the spring of 9th grade (the first...
A number of recent advances in eating disorders research have helped clarify the nature of risk for the development of such disorders. Culbert et al. (2015) provide an empirical and thoughtful review of these recent advances. The authors identified empirically established risk factors in each of several categories of risk for eating disorders: gene...
Adolescent alcohol and drug use disorders pose significant risks to adolescents' future functioning. Unfortunately, relapse rates following treatment for these disorders are high. The newest generation of interventions, designed in part to address this problem, place greater focus on the developmental needs of adolescents. In this review, we highli...
Both nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and purging behaviour are thought to involve harm to the self. The acquired capability for self-harm model holds that engaging in one self-harming behaviour increases the capability to tolerate harm to the self, thus increasing risk for engaging on other such behaviours. In addition, both behaviours are thought t...
Objective:
The aim of this investigation was to test hypothesized reverse prospective relationships between alcohol consumption and depressive symptomatology as a function of race among youth.
Method:
In a two-wave prospective study, 328 European American, 328 African American, and 144 Hispanic American youth were studied at the end of fifth gra...
Middle school addictive behavior involvement is highly predictive of future dysfunction. We tested whether a set of high-risk personality traits, measured in elementary school, predicted drinking, smoking, and binge eating in middle school. We studied 1,906 children in two waves: Wave 1 was the last year of elementary school and wave 2 was the firs...
This article offers a new model for bulimia nervosa (BN) that explains both the initial impulsive nature of binge eating and purging, as well as the compulsive quality of the fully developed disorder. The model is based on a review of advances in research on BN and advances in relevant basic psychological science. It integrates transdiagnostic pers...
Mindfulness training reduces anger and aggression, but the mechanisms of these effects are unclear. Mindfulness may reduce anger expression and hostility via reductions in anger rumination, a process of thinking repetitively about angry episodes that increases anger. Previous research supports this theory but used measures of general rumination and...
Many researchers have identified impulsivity-related personality traits as correlates of and risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Using a longitudinal design, we tested the hypothesis that one such trait, negative urgency (the tendency to act rashly when distressed), predicts the onset of NSSI during the first year of college and a diff...
The very early engagement in bulimic behaviors, such as binge eating, may be influenced by factors that dispose individuals to impulsive action as well as by factors that dispose individuals to depressive symptomatology. Using a longitudinal design, we conducted the first test of the simultaneous operation of both risk factors as children transitio...
Construct validity involves the evaluation of evidence for the validity of psychological theories and the measures used to test them. It is therefore a central concept in the field of clinical psychology. This entry describes how the process of construct validation works and includes a brief history of validation efforts in clinical psychology as w...
When one refers to a spectrum of psychopathology, one refers to a set of conditions that are both related, in the sense of sharing a common cause and some common symptoms, and also separate, in the sense that they also have different symptoms from one another that, presumably, arise from nonshared causes. Frequently, disorders on a spectrum vary in...
For some women, the experience of being sexually assaulted leads to increases in externalizing behaviors, such as problem drinking and drug use; for other women, the experience of being assaulted leads to increases in internalizing distress, such as depression or anxiety. It is possible that preassault personality traits interact with sexual assaul...
Historically, the construct of impulsivity, also referred to as disinhibition or behavioral undercontrol, has been understood to reflect the tendency to act in rash, ill-advised ways. In recent years, theory and research have moved toward a different and broader understanding of impulsivity. Carver, Johnson, and Joorman (2008) defined a construct c...
This study provides an integrative review of existing risk factors and models for bulimia nervosa (BN) in young girls. We offer a new model for BN that describes two pathways of risk that may lead to the initial impulsive act of binge eating and purging in children and adolescents.
We conducted a selective literature review, focusing on existing an...
Substance abuse, eating disorders, and other addictive behavior problems tend to be comorbid with personality disorders and with dimensions of personality pathology. Substance abuse and pathological gambling tend to be highly comorbid with antisocial personality disorder, whereas eating disorders are often comorbid with both Cluster B and Cluster C...
This article reports on a longitudinal test of a developmental model of early drinking that specifies transactions among personality, learning, and behavior in the risk process. The model was tested on 1,906 children making the transition from elementary school to middle school across 3 time points: the spring of 5th grade, the fall of 6th grade, a...
The literature has documented the widespread nature of sexual assault victimization among college women. While the aftermath of violence against university women has also received focus, that is, documenting trauma-related sequelae; risk factors; reporting patterns; and legal interventions, the impact on academic performance has not received adequa...
This article reports on a longitudinal test of a developmental model of early smoking that specifies reciprocal predictive relationships between smoking expectancies and smoking behavior in youth. The model was tested on 1,906 children during the transition from elementary school to middle school across 3 time points: the spring of 5th grade, the f...
The aim of this study was to enhance our understanding of the relationship between affect-related dispositions to rash action, negative urgency (NU: the tendency to act rashly when in a negative mood), positive urgency (PU: the tendency to act rashly when in a positive mood), and level of nicotine dependence symptoms by examining how the two traits...
Five personality traits that dispose individuals to rash or ill-advised action (i.e., sensation seeking, negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of planning, and lack of perseverance), can be reliably and validly assessed in children. This paper reports on the first test of parental reports of these traits. In a sample of 94 children (ages 7-13, m...
The aim of this study was to test two competing theories concerning the trait of urgency: (a) Urgency reflects the tendency to act rashly/impulsively when emotional, or (b) urgency reflects a general reflexive responsivity to emotions that can lead either to rash action or to ill-advised inaction and thus to either impulsive behavior or depression....
The authors tested the following hypotheses concerning appearance standards in women from three different cultural groups (European American, African American, and Japanese): Women in each group (a) have appearance concerns related to their culture's specific standards of beauty; (b) invest more in pursuit of their culturally defined form of beauty...
To better understand the sequelae of childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse,
the authors provided the first test of a risk model in which borderline personality disorder
(BPD) is differentiated from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the mediation of
the influence of childhood abuse on substance dependence. Among 311 adults in a
subst...
This study tested a brief eating disorder risk measure, originally developed for use with college students, in young adolescents. The measure is called the COEDS (College Eating Disorders Screen) and is constructed of items written in everyday language used by youth to discuss weight issues, rather than in the language of symptom assessment. A samp...
Researchers have found that, compared to European Americans, African Americans report later initiation of drinking, lower rates of use, and lower levels of use across almost all age groups. Nevertheless, African Americans also have higher levels of alcohol problems than European Americans. After reviewing current data regarding these trends, we pro...
Background
Spillane and Smith (2007, Psychol Bull 133:395–418) postulated that high levels of problem drinking in some First Nation (FN) communities resulted in part from the perception that there is low access to alternative reinforcers (e.g., jobs, friendships, family relationships, and financial security), that many alternative reinforcers are l...
Objective:
This article tested whether disordered eating in the spring of sixth grade can be predicted by the behaviors of fifth grade elementary school children.
Method:
Measurements of disordered eating were collected from 1906 children (mean age = 10.86 years) at Time 1 (spring of fifth grade), Time 2 (fall of sixth grade), and Time 3 (spring...
The presence of binge eating behavior in early middle school predicts future diagnoses and health difficulties. We showed that this early binge eating behavior can be predicted by risk factors assessed in elementary school. We tested the acquired preparedness model of risk, which involves transactions among personality, psychosocial learning, and b...
Impulsivity has played an important role in efforts to better understand many different forms of psychopathology. Various forms of impulsivity have been linked to numerous DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-FourthEdition; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) disorders, including borderline personality disorder, mania,...
The authors review theory validation and construct validation principles as related to the study of personality dysfunction. Historically, personality disorders have been understood to be syndromes of heterogeneous symptoms. The authors argue that the syndrome approach to description results in diagnoses of unclear meaning and constrained validity....
Routine alcohol screening of adolescents in pediatric settings is recommended, and could be facilitated by a very brief empirically validated alcohol screen based on alcohol consumption. This study used national sample data to test the screening performance of 3 alcohol consumption items (ie, frequency of use in the past year, quantity per occasion...
Impulsivity has been a widely explored construct, particularly as a personality-based risk factor for addictive behaviors. The authors review evidence that (a) there is no single impulsivity trait; rather, there are at least five different personality traits that dispose individuals to rash or impulsive action; (b) the five traits predict different...
Citations
... Further, younger age at onset for HED has been associated with poorer outcomes, likely due to impacts of substance use during a critical period of brain development (Mewton et al., 2020;Squeglia & Gray, 2016). Individual differences in HED patterns and age at onset can have implications for alcohol use across adolescence that can extend into adulthood (Chung & Jackson, 2019). ...
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... /fpsyt. . combination of general distress or impairment and a combination of errors associated with that methodology (such as surveymethodology specific error, instrument specific factors, socially desirable responding/halo effect) (31,92,(106)(107)(108)(109). Therefore, MTMM research has substantially weakened the evidence for a general factor of psychopathology and will likely shine light on many current issues in PD research. ...
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... BN has been shown to be more highly associated with impulsivity compared to PD, which is thought to contribute to the compensatory nature of purging in BN (Fink et al. 2009). Specifically, lower scores on facets of impulsivity such as disinhibition (Roberto et al. 2010) and negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to act rashly when distressed; Davis et al. 2020) have been shown to differentiate BN from PD. Subjective binge eating in the context of PD also appears to be associated with higher levels of impulsivity and anxiety compared to individuals with PD who do not engage in subjective binge eating (Brown et al. 2011). Facets of impulsivity may also interact with overvaluation of shape and weight to predict noncompensatory purging, explaining some of the inconsistencies in the literature on the role of body dissatisfaction and related constructs in PD. ...
... To relate our findings to behavioral measures, we used executive function and impulsivity indices, as both were previously related to obesity [50,51]. Impulsivity was assessed using the child version of the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency scale (UPPS-P [52,53]). Here, we selected positive and negative urgency measures as they were previously associated with eating behavior [54,55]. ...
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... Affective lability, the tendency to experience rapid fluctuations in intense mood states, appears to be relevant to problem drinking (Atkinson et al., 2020). Heightened emotional states lead to impairments in decision making regardless of valence (Baker et al., 2004;Dreisbach & Goschke, 2004). ...
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... Impulsivity (thus also inhibitory control) can link to affective states in humans. For example, in humans, higher impulsivity regarding alcohol consumption has been found to link to both more negative and more positive affective states (35), and increased impulsivity is associated with increases in daily stress (36). Overall, how impulsivity relates to affective state in humans appears to depend on the measures of impulsivity and affective states explored [reviewed in (37)]. ...
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... Engagement in binge eating also predicts future psychopathology. Longitudinally, binge eating (or loss of control eating) precedes the development of depressive symptoms (Davis et al., 2019;Puccio et al., 2017), anxiety (Puccio et al., 2017), and substance use (Bulik et al., 2004;Stice & Shaw, 2003). Thus, binge eating serves as a risk factor for other types of dysfunction, and there is evidence for prospective bi-directionality among these problems (Puccio et al., 2016), supporting the need to identify treatment targets to break this cycle. ...
... For both drinking and smoking, transdiagnostic and behavior-specific risk factors interacted to heighten risk; that is, risk for drinking was highest among those who were high in negative urgency and expected reinforcement from drinking. Risk for smoking was highest among those who were high in negative urgency and expected reinforcement from smoking (D'Agostino et al., 2019). ...
Reference: Expectancy theory and addictive behaviors