Gregory E Miller's research while affiliated with Northwestern University and other places
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Publications (290)
Importance
Wealthy adults tend to live longer than those with less wealth. However, a challenge in this area of research has been the reduction of potential confounding by factors associated with the early environment and heritable traits, which could simultaneously affect socioeconomic circumstances in adulthood and health across the life course....
Introduction
Chronic villitis is an inflammatory lesion that affects 5-15% of placentas and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Chronic villitis may also recur; however, studies estimating recurrence are based on small samples and estimates of recurrence range from 10-56%.
Methods
We utilized data from placentas submitted to pathology a...
Individuals who are minoritized as a result of race, sexual identity, gender, or socioeconomic status experience a higher prevalence of many diseases. Understanding the biological processes that cause and maintain these socially driven health inequities is essential for addressing them. The gut microbiome is strongly shaped by host environments and...
While numerous studies exist on the benefits of social support (both receiving and giving), little research exists on how the balance between the support that individuals regularly give versus that which they receive from others relates to physical health. In a US national sample of 6,325 adults from the National Survey of Midlife Development in th...
Introduction
Women exposed to stressful events during pregnancy are thought to be at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. However, studies investigating stressful events are often unable to control for important confounders, such as behavioral and genetic characteristics, or to isolate the impact of the stressor from other secondary effects. W...
Problem:
Current scientific guidelines recommend collecting placental specimens within two hours of delivery for gene expression analysis. However, collecting samples in a narrow time window is a challenge in the dynamic and unpredictable clinical setting, so delays in placental specimen collection are possible. The purpose of our analysis is to i...
A scientific consensus is emerging that children reared in risky family climates are prone to chronic diseases and premature death later in life. Few prospective data, however, are available to inform the mechanisms of these relationships. In a prospective study involving 323 Black families, we sought to determine whether, and how, childhood risky...
Introduction
While many placental lesions have been identified and defined, the significance of multiple overlapping lesions has not been addressed. The purpose of our analysis was to evaluate overlapping patterns of placental pathology and determine meaningful phenotypes associated with adverse birth outcomes.
Methods
Placental pathology reports...
Objective: Field-based research on inflammation and health is typically limited to baseline measures of circulating cytokines or acute-phase proteins, whereas laboratory-based studies can pursue a more dynamic approach with ex vivo cell culture methods. The laboratory infrastructure required for culturing leukocytes limits application in community-...
Importance
Some Black adolescents who frequently experience racial discrimination develop mental health problems. Protective caregiving may buffer adolescents from the negative mental health outcomes associated with experiencing racial discrimination.
Objective
To examine if participation in programs that enhance protective caregiving will attenua...
Inflammation is associated with both lower and higher activity in brain regions that process rewarding stimuli. How can both low and high sensitivity to rewards be associated with higher inflammation? We propose that one potential mechanism underlying these apparently conflicting findings pertains to how people pursue goals in their environment. Th...
Cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) improves quality of life and mitigates stress biology in patients with early-stage cancer, including men with localized prostate cancer. However, treatments for advanced prostate cancer like androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can lead to significant symptom burden that may be further exacerbated by stre...
Background
Neighborhood violence increases children’s risk for a variety of health problems. Yet little is known about biological pathways involved, or neural mechanisms that might render children more or less vulnerable. Here, we address these questions by considering whether neighborhood violence is associated with the expression of a pro-inflamm...
Objective:
Field-based research on inflammation and health is typically limited to baseline measures of circulating cytokines or acute phase proteins, while lab-based studies can pursue a more dynamic approach with ex vivo cell culture methods. The laboratory infrastructure required for culturing leukocytes limits application in community-based se...
Cardiovascular diseases are patterned by race and socioeconomic status, and chronic low-grade inflammation is proposed as a key underlying mechanism. Theories for how racial and socioeconomic disadvantages foster inflammation emphasize a lifecourse approach: social disadvantages enable chronic or repeated exposure to stressors, unhealthy behaviors,...
Objective:
Children exposed to severe, chronic stress are vulnerable to mental and physical health problems across the lifespan. To explain how these problems develop, the neuroimmune network hypothesis suggests that early-life stress initiates a positive feedback loop between peripheral inflammatory cells and networked brain regions involved in t...
Background
Maternal depression has been linked to health care use for asthma in cross-sectional or short-term follow-up studies of school-aged children.
Objective
To examine whether increased or persistent maternal depressive symptoms over approximately 5 years are associated with severe asthma exacerbations or worse lung function in youth.
Metho...
Links between child maltreatment and low-grade inflammation in adulthood are well documented, but these studies often rely on adults to report retrospectively on experiences of childhood abuse. Furthermore, these findings raise questions about whether exposure to childhood maltreatment needs time to "incubate," only giving rise to nonresolving infl...
Objective Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) complicate 5 to 10% of all pregnancies and are a major cause of pregnancy-related morbidity. Exposure to psychosocial stress has been associated with systemic inflammation and adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Thus, it is probable that psychosocial stress and inflammation play a role in th...
Objective:
The skin-deep resilience pattern suggests that, for low-socioeconomic-status African American youths, the ability to maintain high self-control and to persist with efforts to succeed may act as a double-edged sword, facilitating academic success and adjustment while undermining physical health. We extend research by following a sample o...
Stress during pregnancy affects maternal health and well‐being, as well as the health and well‐being of the next generation, in part through the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Although most studies have focused solely on proximal experiences (i.e., during the pregnancy) as sources of prenatal stress, there has been a recent surge in stu...
Background
People with higher socioeconomic status generally enjoy better cardiovascular health across the life course than those with lower status. However, recent studies of upward mobility, where a child goes on to achieve higher socioeconomic status than his or her parents, suggest that it entails a tradeoff between better psychological well‐be...
This study tested the skin-deep resilience hypothesis – that low socioeconomic status (SES) youth who are working hard to succeed in life experience good psychological and educational outcomes but at a cost to their physical health – in a sample of monozygotic (MZ) twins. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) contained a...
Objective:
Children reared by parents of low socioeconomic status (SES) go on to have elevated rates of physical health problems and premature mortality. However, many children reared in low SES families remain healthy throughout the life span. Here, secondary analyses of archival data tested the hypothesis that a positive relationship with parent...
Background
Growing evidence suggests that sleep plays an important role in immunological memory, including antibody responses to vaccination. However, much of the prior research has been carried out in the laboratory limiting the generalizability of the findings. Furthermore, no study has sought to identify sensitive periods prior to or after vacci...
Stressful experiences affect biological stress systems, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Life stress can potentially alter regulation of the HPA axis and has been associated with poorer physical and mental health. Little, however, is known about the relative influence of stressors that are encountered at different developmenta...
Context
Across pregnancy, maternal serum cortisol levels increase up to 3-fold. It is not known whether maternal peripheral cortisol metabolism and clearance change across pregnancy or influence fetal cortisol exposure and development.
Objectives
The primary study objective was to compare maternal urinary glucocorticoid metabolites, as markers of...
Neighborhood violence is associated with a range of health consequences but little is known about the biological processes involved. Research in disease pathogenesis has identified low-grade inflammation as a process that, beginning in the first decades of life, is both induced by chronic stress and a contributor to multiple cardiometabolic disease...
Objective:
Subclinical or subthreshold depressive symptoms (StD) are frequent in adolescence and are related to suicidality and onset of depression in adulthood, however, their neurobiology is poorly understood. We examined the relationship between StD and subcortical grey matter structures in unmedicated adolescents with no history of axis I diag...
COVER ILLUSTRATION Morphological findings from Jenkins et al. (this issue) Subcortical structural variations associated with low socioeconomic status in adolescents With art by AD_Images and aitoff, Pixabay. Figure depicts Left lateral view of results from subcortical vertex‐wise linear regression analysis of association between Income:Poverty rati...
Introduction
Chronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is a chronic inflammatory lesion of the placenta. VUE is hypothesized to result from an alloimmune response or as response to an unidentified infection. Lack of a seasonal trend is thought to support VUE as an alloimmune response, though data on seasonal VUE trends are limited.
Methods
Data w...
Over the last two decades, chronic psychosocial stress has been linked to asthma. Exposure to violence is a common stressor for people living in urban settings, particularly in the U.S, and has received increased attention in the asthma literature in recent years. Improving our understanding of whether and how exposure to chronic stressors causes o...
Objective:
Children with low self-control who grow up in poverty are at elevated risk for living in poverty when they are adults. The purpose of this study was to further understanding of the intergenerational continuity of poverty by (a) examining the likelihood that children with low levels of self-control at age 11 earn less employment income a...
Objective:
Adverse endothelial cell health, an early pathogenic process underlying atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, is evident in childhood and adolescence. Sleep duration, a modifiable cardiovascular health behavior, may be an important cardiovascular disease prevention target that may impact endothelial cell health. We examined the as...
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher probability of multiple exposures (e.g., neighborhood violence, poor nutrition, housing instability, air pollution, and insensitive caregiving) known to affect structural development of subcortical brain regions that subserve threat and reward processing, however, few studies have examined...
Economic hardship during childhood is associated with worse mental and physical health across the life span. Over the past decade, interdisciplinary research has started to elucidate the behavioral and biological pathways that underlie these disparities and identify protective factors that mitigate against their occurrence. In this integrative revi...
The processing of emotional facial expressions is important for social functioning and is influenced by environmental factors, including early environmental experiences. Low socio-economic status (SES) is associated with greater exposure to uncontrollable stressors, including violence, as well as deprivation, defined as a lack or decreased complexi...
Abnormal reward responsiveness and rumination each are associated with elevated inflammation and mood symptoms. Ruminating on positive and negative affect, or dampening positive affect, may amplify, or buffer, the associations of reward hyper/hyposensitivity with inflammation and mood symptoms. Young adults (N=109) with high or moderate reward sens...
Background and objectives:
Poor neighborhood conditions have established associations with poorer child health, but little is known about protective factors that mitigate the effects of difficult neighborhood conditions. In this study, we tested if positive family relationships can buffer youth who live in dangerous and/or disorderly neighborhoods...
Children growing up in poverty are vulnerable to negative changes in the developing brain; however, these outcomes vary widely. We tested the hypothesis that receipt of supportive parenting would offset the association between living in poverty during adolescence and the connectivity of neural networks that support cognition and emotion regulation...
Background:
Researchers document bidirectional pathways linking peripheral inflammation and neural circuitries subserving emotion processing and regulation. To extend this work, we present results from two independent studies examining the relationship between inflammation and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), as measured by functional...
Objective:
African Americans and Latinos make up the two largest minority groups in the United States, and compared with Whites, these ethnic minority groups face disproportionate risk for certain physical health problems. However, factors that may protect these groups against early risk for poor health are not entirely understood. Familism, which...
As the United States becomes more diverse, the ways in which mainstream institutions recognize and address race and ethnicity will be increasingly important. Here, we show that one novel and salient characteristic of an institutional environment, that is, whether a school emphasizes the value of racial and ethnic diversity, predicts better cardiome...
Background: Growing research suggests that reward hypersensitivity and immune dysfunction jointly confer risk for bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs), which is characterized by an altered reward-related neural profile. However, the mechanisms underlying the joint effect remain unclear. One possible mechanism is that reward-hypersensitive individuals...
Major life stress often produces a flat diurnal cortisol slope, an indicator of potential long-term health problems. Exposure to stress early in childhood or the accumulation of stress across the life span may be responsible for this pattern. However, the relative impact of life stress at different life stages on diurnal cortisol is unknown. Using...
Rationale:
Recent research reveals that, although girls encounter some barriers in school (e.g., in science and math), on balance, boys perform worse academically. Moreover, other research has identified a correlation between exposure to a context characterized by large disparities in performance or resources and a range of negative outcomes, incl...
Emerging evidence in psychology suggests a paradox whereby high levels of self-control when striving for academic success among minority youth can have physical health costs. This study tested the skin-deep resilience hypothesis in asthma- whether minority youth who are striving hard to succeed academically experience good psychological outcomes bu...
Abnormal reward sensitivity and rumination confer risk for both elevated inflammation and mood disorders. Ruminating on positive and negative affect, or dampening positive affect, may amplify, or lessen, the effects of reward hyper/hyposensitivity on inflammation and mood symptoms. 105 young adults with high or moderate reward sensitivity completed...
Although violent crime has declined in recent decades, it remains a recurring feature of daily life in some neighborhoods. Mounting evidence indicates that such violence has a long reach, which goes beyond family and friends of the victim and undermines the health of people in the surrounding community. However, like all forms of adversity, communi...
Evidence of popular interest in the interrelationships between mind, body, and heart disease dates to Ancient Grecian times and paved the way for modern-day scientific inquiry into the relationships between psychological comorbidities in coronary heart disease. Although the systematic evidence has suggested an association of poor medical prognosis...
Objective:
To examine prospective relations of perceived racial discrimination at ages 16-18 with body mass index (BMI) at ages 19-21 and insulin resistance (IR) at ages 25 and 27 among Black youth in the rural South, and to determine whether BMI connected discrimination to IR as a mediator.
Method:
Participants were 315 African American adolesc...
The stressors associated with poverty increase the risks for externalizing psychopathology; however, specific patterns of neurobiology and higher self‐regulation may buffer against these effects. This study leveraged a randomized control trial, aimed at increasing self‐regulation at ~11 years of age. As adults, these same individuals completed func...
Introduction:
The transition to adulthood can be stressful for minority adolescents, and many may cope through unhealthy behaviors, including substance use and obesity-related behaviors. This study tested substance use and obesity trajectories over time in African American youth, longitudinal associations of trajectories with mental and physical h...
Background: Anxiety and depression are highly comorbid possibly because they share a common core of general distress or negative affect. Consistent with this viewpoint, Prenoveau and colleagues (2010) identified a broad general factor common to both anxiety and depression (general distress), two factors of intermediate breadth (anhedonia and fears)...
Objective
Lifestyle variables such as drug use and excessive weight gain contribute to adult morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to determine whether participation in a preventive intervention designed to enhance supportive parenting can reduce drug use and body mass index (BMI) in young Black adults from disadvantaged neighborhoods....
The links between low socioeconomic status and poor health are well established, yet despite adversity, some individuals with low socioeconomic status appear to avoid these negative consequences through adaptive coping. Previous research found a set of strategies, called shift-and-persist (shifting the self to stressors while persisting by finding...
Almost 2.8 million men in the U.S. are living with prostate cancer (PC), accounting for 40% of all male cancer survivors. Men diagnosed with prostate cancer may experience chronic and debilitating treatment side effects, including sexual and urinary dysfunction, pain and fatigue. Side effects can be stressful and can also lead to poor psychosocial...
Children's perceptions of caregivers as a secure base have been linked with socioemotional outcomes, but little is known about connections to physical health. We examined whether secure base representations are associated with children's symptoms, family management strategies, and inflammatory processes in children with asthma. Participants include...
Research has linked childhood abuse to a plethora of adverse health outcomes in adulthood1,2. However, whether positive experiences in adulthood much beyond cessation of abuse exposure can offset these adverse health risks remains unclear. Using a sample of 6,078 adults from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS), w...
Aim:
There are marked socioeconomic disparities in pediatric asthma control, but the molecular origins of these disparities are not well understood. To fill this gap, we performed genome-wide expression profiling of monocytes and T-helper cells from pediatric asthma patients of lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES).
Method:
Ninety-nine chi...
Background: Both animal and human research indicates that reduced reward--related brain function is associated with elevated peripheral inflammation. Preliminary evidence suggests that abnormally elevated reward sensitivity is also associated with increased inflammation. This suggests that distinct and opposite profiles of reward sensitivity can l...
Individuals with higher educational attainment live healthier and longer lives. However, not everyone benefits equally from higher education. In particular, the black-white gap in life expectancy is greater at higher levels of educational attainment. Furthermore, recent research suggests that disadvantaged African Americans in the rural Southeast w...
A quarter of the global population meets diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS prevalence stratifies by socioeconomic status (SES), such that low SES is associated with higher MetS risk starting in childhood. Despite this trend, some low-SES children maintain good metabolic health across the life span, but the factors responsible...
Previous research suggests that the experience of abuse and neglect in childhood has negative implications for physical health in adulthood. Using data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation ( N = 115), the present research examined the predictive significance of childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical/cognitive n...
The psychosocial consequences of living with a depressed parent have been well characterized. Less well known, however, is how this exposure is predictive of later physical health problems. The present study evaluated how parental depression across youths’ adolescence (ages 11–18) was associated with youth metabolic syndrome at age 25 (n = 391). Yo...
Objective:
Daily stress processes have been previously linked to health-related outcomes, but implications for longevity remain unclear. The present study examined whether daily stress exposure and/or affective responses to daily stressors predicted mortality risk over a 20-year period. Based on the hypothesis that chronic illness confers vulnerab...
Objective:
To test the novel hypothesis that, among Black Americans who used John Henryism coping, those from low socioeconomic status backgrounds would be more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than would those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds.
Methods:
This is an ancillary analysis of SHAPE, a longitudinal cohort of 391 Black youths an...
Background: Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) have been associated with elevated sensitivity to reward and setting highly ambitious goals. In a parallel literature, BSDs have been associated with higher inflammation. The present study examined the relationship between elevated risk for BSDs, as indexed by self-reported goal-striving tendencies, and...
Emerging data suggest that during childhood, close family relationships can ameliorate the impact that adversity has on life span physical health. To explain this phenomenon, a developmental stress buffering model is proposed in which characteristics of family relationships including support, conflict, obligation, and parenting behaviors evolve and...
Background
Some of the country's highest rates of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease are found in lower‐income black communities in the rural Southeast. Research suggests these disparities originate in the early decades of life, and partly reflect the influence of broader socioeconomic forces acting on behavioral and biological pro...
Chronic inflammation contributes to a wide range of human diseases, and environments in infancy and childhood are important determinants of inflammatory phenotypes. The underlying biological mechanisms connecting early environments with the regulation of inflammation in adulthood are not known, but epigenetic processes are plausible candidates. We...
Objective This study aims to examine whether maternal household income is associated with histological evidence of chronic placental inflammation.
Study Design A total of 152 participants completed surveys of household income and consented to placenta collection at delivery and postpartum chart review for birth outcomes. Placental inflammatory lesi...
Individuals exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are vulnerable to various health problems later in life. This study was designed to determine whether participation in an efficacious program to enhance supportive parenting would ameliorate the association between ACEs and prediabetes status at age 25. Rural African American parents and t...
Research suggests the health consequences of economic hardship can be transmitted across generations. Some of these disparities are thought to be passed to offspring during gestation. But this hypothesis has not been tested in contemporary American samples, and the mechanisms of transmission have not been characterized. Accordingly, this study had...
Children from economically disadvantaged families experience worse cognitive, psychiatric, and medical outcomes compared to more affluent youth. Preclinical models suggest some of the adverse influence of disadvantage could be transmitted during gestation via maternal immune activation, but this hypothesis has not been tested in humans. It also rem...
Background and objectives:
Both the social environment and the physical environment are increasingly recognized as important to childhood diseases such as asthma. This study tested a novel hypothesis: that living in areas high in greenspace may help buffer the effects of difficult family relationships for children with asthma.
Methods:
A total o...
Objective:
A quarter of the world's population suffers from metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS prevalence stratifies by socioeconomic status (SES), such that low SES is associated with higher MetS risk. The present study compared the associations between early-life SES and current SES with MetS.
Methods:
Participants (N = 354, ages 15-55, M = 36.5...
Early-life stress is associated with increased vulnerability to physical and emotional health problems across the lifespan. The recently developed neuroimmune network hypothesis proposes that one of the underlying mechanisms for these associations is that early-life stress amplifies bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and the immune system, c...
Background:
Previous literature documents associations between low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor health outcomes, including asthma. However, this literature has largely focused on the effects of current family circumstances.
Objective:
To test an intergenerational hypothesis, that the childhood SES that parents experience will be associate...
Objective:
This study examined the associations between intra-individual variability in, and inter-individual levels of, diurnal cortisol secretion with a marker of low-grade inflammation (i.e., C-Reactive Protein; CRP). Reasoning that greater day-to-day cortisol variability could reflect a dysregulation of the HPA axis, we hypothesized that it wo...
Background
Child maltreatment is a common problem with known adverse consequences, yet its contributions to the development and course of pediatric asthma are only poorly understood.
Main
This review first describes possible pathways connecting child maltreatment to pediatric asthma, including aspects of the physical home environment, health behav...
Objectives:
This study was designed to determine whether black adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds who have an unrelenting determination to succeed would, as adults, show "skin-deep resilience" by faring well in psychosocial domains but also show a heightened chance of having a chronic disease, specifically type 2 diabetes.
Methods:
Secon...
Importance:
This study was designed to determine whether a preventive intervention focused on enhancing supportive parenting could ameliorate the association between exposure to poverty and brain development in low socioeconomic status African American individuals from the rural South.
Objective:
To determine whether participation in an efficaci...
Frontal EEG asymmetry is thought to reflect variations in affective style, such that greater relative right frontal activity at rest predicts enhanced emotional responding to threatening or negative stimuli, and risk of depression and anxiety disorders. A diathesis-stress model has been proposed to explain how this neuro-affective style might predi...
Citations
... 1 As recently reviewed, exposure to violence (ETV, including gun violence) affects stress responses, and both ETV and chronic stress may influence asthma pathogenesis. 2,3 Prolonged ETV can lead to chronic and frequent activation of the body's stress responses, disrupting neuroendocrine, autonomic nervous system, and immune responses. Chronic stress, both related and unrelated to ETV, may cause or worsen asthma by altering circulating levels of and response to catecholamines and glucocorticoids, as well as by affecting immune responses, leading to airway inflammation and airflow obstruction. ...
... The literature in the past 2 decades has acknowledged that not only depression is affiliated with CVD, but it also confers an increased risk of mortality and morbidity in patients with CVD [3,4]. A study reported that mortality among patients with depression was largely associated with CVD [5]. Conversely, there is an increased propensity for myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure in patients suffering from "heartbreak" [6]. ...
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... For example, people who experience more robust negative affective responses to stress were more likely to report having an affective disorder or a chronic health condition ten years later. Similarly, in a large-scale study of aging adults, mortality risk is increased for people with illness as a function of the magnitude of their affective responses to stressful situations (Chiang et al., 2017). What our findings suggest is that aspects of social environment and an individual's social behavior are related to the magnitude of his affective response to threat. ...
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... Pathways between stress and adverse birth and pediatric outcomes may involve alterations in the placenta, which plays a crucial role in regulating fetal growth and facilitating maternal-fetal communication (Bronson & Bale, 2016). Studies investigating links between stress and the placenta have reported associations of stress with measures of placental function (Dahlerup et al., 2018), placental inflammation (Ernst et al., 2013;Keenan-Devlin et al., 2017;Marinescu et al., 2014), placental weight (Tegethoff et al., 2010b), placental morphology (Lahti-Pulkkinen et al., 2018), and utero-placental blood flow (Shirazi et al., 2019;Teixeira et al., 1999). ...
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... Interventions focused on motivation and persistence are thought to increase student striving and self-control. In turn, these constructs have been linked to positive outcomes in life, such as higher incomes and better mental health (Moffitt et al., 2011;Brody et al., 2016). At the same time, emerging evidence suggests that some students who expend high effort striving for academic success can experience a physical health cost of this success. ...
... For example, higher incomes, greater educational attainment, and lower levels of depression and substance use have been found in a subset of adults who at the same time were more likely to have diabetes, metabolic syndrome, higher allostatic load (a multi-system indicator of physiological risk), and faster epigenetic aging (DNA methylation profiles that reflects the discrepancy between a person's biological and chronological age). These patterns are typically found in adults characterized as high strivers in adolescence (Brody et al., 2013(Brody et al., , 2016Miller et al., 2015;Miller et al. 2020), with effects being more pronounced among those from low-income backgrounds or individuals Abstract Bolstering academic motivation is a high priority in school settings, but some evidence suggests this could take a toll on students' physical health. To address this, this study compared the effects of an experimental manipulation of academic motivation alone (AM) to academic motivation enhanced with social support (SS + AM) on markers of inflammation in a sample of 80 high school 9th graders. ...
... Indeed, they may have received social support during and following treatment, which may have buffered the effect of stress on cortisol and CRP, but with time, they may have received less support and thus experienced increased stress again [32]. Moreover, given that cortisol and CRP often operate in tandem, there is the possibility that disturbed cortisol levels triggered impaired activity in immune cells which led to increases in CRP [33]. For example, the low cortisol levels seen at T4 could reflect lower than normal cortisol output, which may have triggered increased subsequent inflammation at T5 considering that not only elevated cortisol, but also blunted cortisol, has been associated with increased inflammation in BCS [31]. ...
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... Previous studies, however, have largely neglected adult marriages in linking childhood abuse to adult mental health outcomes. Several studies using data from the study of Midlife Development in the United States have examined the associations of emotional support from family members on adult health outcomes among adults who were abused in childhood, but have not distinguished the role of marital partners from that of family and friends (Chiang et al., 2018;Kong et al., 2018). This is a glaring omission given the robust evidence of the health promotive effects marital quality has on adult mental health (see Whisman & Baucom, 2012 for review). ...
... For low-SES individuals, who face both a higher number of uncontrollable stressors and are more likely to be members of minoritized groups, S&P has protected against numerous negative health outcomes such as inflammation , asthmarelated impairment (Chen et al., 2011), and high body mass index (Kallem et al., 2013). In recent tests expanding the S&P literature beyond SES-related stressors, S&P has been shown to protect against asthma-related impairment for youth (N = 308, 50% non-White) facing high levels of unfair treatment (Lam et al., 2018). In addition, when examining discrimination as a stressor in a sample of 175 Latinx adolescents (M age = 12.9, range = 10-15 years), S&P protected against greater depressive symptoms for youth low in ERI who faced high levels of discrimination (Christophe et al., 2019). ...
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... Integrating findings about tobacco prompting behaviors into familybased prevention programs may be needed as existing programs to date do not focus specifically on caregiver prompting behaviors. For instance, the Strong African American Families-Teen (SAAF-T) is one of the bestknown family-centered prevention programs that has shown promise in reducing substance use among African American adolescents (Brody et al. 2012;Brody et al. 2021;Kogan et al. 2019). Adolescents are taught strategies to use when encountering racism, and the importance of academic success and household rules; caregivers are taught approaches for handling discrimination, expectations regarding adolescent substance use, and cooperative caregiver-adolescent problem-solving. ...
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