Graham B. Spanier's research while affiliated with Oregon State University and other places

... In some cases, the nonresidential parent migrated from one family to the next, severing emotional ties to biological children and investing, instead, in relations with stepchildren; in other families, the nonresidential parent divided loyalties, balancing off obligations to biological and stepchildren; in still others, the stepparent played a marginal role as a stepparent and continued to devote primary attention to the children from the former marriage. Since these decisions were not always made in concert with the other interested parties, tensions and misunderstandings were common between former partners as well as within current marriages (Furstenberg, Spanier, & Rothschild, 1982). Further evidence of the problematic arrangements following divorce is furnished by data from a national survey of children conducted by Furstenberg and Zill in 1981. ...

... Divorce typically is a transitional family status. Eventually, nearly three fourths of all men and about three fifths of all women reenter marriage (Spanier & Furstenberg, 1987). But the interval between unions has been growing as remarriage rates have slowed during the past decade (Cherlin forthcoming). ...

... The stratification of life is hypothesized to predict variation in different dependent variables -marital quality and happiness, career satisfaction and aspirations, stress experience, emotional relationships, commitments, coping strategies and similar others (Anderson, Russell, & Schumm, 1983;Voydanoff & Kelly, 1984). Stages in life cycle are arbitrary breakups -with culture, presence of children, age of children, women's work involvement, length of marriage, age of individual -to be some dimensions that are utilized for stratification (Spanier, Lewis, & Cole, 1975;Mattessich & Hill, 1987). Whereas some studies have strongly recommended the efficacy of 'dimensions in combination' for higher predictability (Spanier et al., 1975), several others are of the notion that variables under study should be the determining factor for stratification; (Anderson et al., 1983) and family life cycle stages on the basis of age of children is best suited when married women and her life experience is the research condition (Spanier et al., 1975;Mattessich & Hill, 1987). ...

... Andrews, 1976). To what extent this stress arises from contact with the family law system and not just from the intrinsic burden of separation has rarely been considered ( Spanier & Anderson, 1979). It .is ...

... El interés por el estudio de las relaciones personales y las interacciones dentro del sis tema familiar se ha traducido en un número notable de publicaciones e investigaciones, tanto desde la perspectiva sociológica como desde la psicológica. Algunos trabajos relevantes, en este sentido, son los de L' Abate (1985), Macklin y Rubin ( 1983), Olson y McCubbin ( 1983), Patterson (1975), Spanier y Thompson (1984), Finkelhor, Gelles, Hotaling y Straus (1983) o Aldous (1982), entre otros muchos. ...

... Weeding out dissatisfying marriages (e.g. through divorce) certainly has an impact, but so do a variety of adjustment mechanisms (e.g., redefining aspirations and reference classes). Spanier and Lewis (1980) reviewed the literature on marriage quality in the seventies and reported that, just as in the sixties, people were still finding a negative correlation between mari tal satisfaction or happiness and having children. There were five studies in our four-year periond showing this association: Campbell (1981), Glenn and McLanahan (1982), Houseknecht (1979), Lupri and Frideres (1981) and Miller and Sollie (1980). ...

... For instance, Andersson (2002) pointed out that countries with relatively higher family-disruption rates also exhibit higher rates of remarriage. Children in stepfamilies fare worse compared to their counterparts in two-biological-parent families (Garasky 1995;Raley, Frisco, and Wildsmith 2005), and remarriages are less stable than first marriages (Coleman, Ganong, and Fine 2000;Cherlin 1978Cherlin , 1981Furstenberg and Spanier 1984;Halliday 1980). Some authors argue that it is the experience of multiple family transitions, rather than the experience of family dissolution or any particular family type, that has the most pronounced impact on children (Aquilino 1996;Raley, Frisco, and Wildsmith 2005). ...

... The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) is a 32-item selfreport questionnaire for couples, and questions are scored on 2-to 6-point scales depending on the item [37]. Total scores vary from 0 to 151 and measure dyad relationship quality, with higher scores indicating a better relationship [37,38]. The DAS is reliable and valid [37,38] and was administered in Niagara only. ...

... For instance, Kop (1976) found the highest divorce rates were among younger men, with a decrease from 40% if they were married at 19 years of age to 12% if they were married at 30 years of age. Spanier and Glick (1981) found that teenage marriages are particularly unstable. Marital disruption was found to be more likely if all the children are girls, especially among mothers with little education. ...

... To measure happiness and life satisfaction, we used Cantril's Ladder (Cantril, 1965Cantril, , 1981) and tests formulated by Czapí nski for his onion theory of happiness (Czapinski, 1992; Czapinski & Panek, 2009). The Cantril Ladder (Cantril, 1965Cantril, , 1981 ) is a popular measure of life satisfaction that is used in psychosocial research (Arnold, et al., 2005; Hagedoorn et al., 2000; Johnson, Thomas, & Matre, 1990; Kivett & Palmore, 1977; Luttik, Jaarsma, Jeeger, & van Veldhuisen, 2005; Schaar, 2003; Spanier & Lachman, 1980). It is a simple and understandable tool for all groups of respondents regardless of education. ...