Gilbert N. Ling's research while affiliated with Pennsylvania Medical Society and other places
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Publications (106)
IN MID-17TH CENTURY English chemist, Robert Boyle regretted: "It is highly dishonorable for a reasonable soul to live in so Divinely built a mansion as the Body she resides in, altogether unacquainted with the exquisite structure of it." After the Lisbon earthquake in 1755 where many innocent men, women and children were killed for no faults of the...
This is a copy of (the bulk of) a letter I mailed on May 13, 2004 to Sir Robert P. Wilson, President, and three editors of the magazine, the Economist. With the letter, I also sent each recipient a copy of my latest book, "Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level" as a gesture of good will.
It is self-evident that continued wellbeing and prosperity of our species in time to come depends upon a steady supply of major scientific and technologic innovations. However, major scientific and technical innovations are rare. As a rule, they grow only in the exceptionally fertile minds of men and women, who have fully mastered the underlying ba...
Fully-hydrated Ehrlich carcinoma ascites cells under the protective action of DMSO fully survived exposure to near-absolute zero temperature provided by liquid helium.
In 1889 Abderhalden reported his discovery that there is no (or as shown later, little) sodium ion (Na+) in human red blood cells even though these cells live in a medium rich in Na+. History shows that all major theories of the living cell are built around this basic phenomenon seen in all the living cells that have been carefully examined. One of...
This review begins with a summary of the critical evidence disproving the traditional membrane theory and its modification,
the membrane-pump theory – as well as their underlying postulations of (1) free cell water, (2) free cell K+, and (3) ‘native’-proteins being truly native.
Next, the essence of the unifying association-induction hypothesis is...
The centerpiece of this document is an unanswered letter of appeal from the author to Professor Roderick MacKinnon of the Rockefeller University dated November 17, 2003. The aim of the appeal is summarized in the title of this communication. In addition to the 2003 letter, there are also two follow-up letters in this communication, each containing...
The concept that the basic unit of all life, the cell, is a membrane-enclosed soup of (free) water, (free) K+ (and native) proteins is called the membrane theory. A careful examination of past records shows that this theory has no author in the true sense of the word. Rather, it grew mostly out of some mistaken ideas made by Theodor Schwann in his...
Among the most promising scientific achievements of the 19th century was the recognition that the laws governing the dead world also govern the world of the living and that life has a physical basis called protoplasm. Regrettably, the definition of protoplasm provided then was (inescapably) incorrect, offering a (legitimate) reason for rejecting th...
According to the association-induction hypothesis, the core of living phenomena lies in the long-range, one-on-many connectedness among all three major components of living protoplasm: protein, water and K+ (and the controlling agents, called the cardinal adsorbents.) This article describes simple experimental models that could cogently test the th...
Project 2061 was founded by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to improve secondary school science education. An in-depth study of ten 9 to 12th grade biology textbooks led to the verdict that none conveyed "Big Ideas" that would give coherence and meaning to the profusion of lavishly illustrated isolated details. Howeve...
The solvency of solutes of varying molecular size in the intracellular water of freshly-killed Ehrlich carcinoma cells fits the same theoretical curve that describes the solvency of similar solutes in a 36% solution of native bovine hemoglobin--a protein found only in red blood cells and making up 97.3% of the red cell's total intracellular protein...
The primary focus of this communication is to present an updated and advanced version of the theory of close-contact association of molecules and ions through the spatial fixation and aggregation of the adsorbing sites. The last sections of the text also review a collection of relevant in vitro and in vivo experimental findings gathering since seve...
Most living cells contain a large amount of water. To improve our understanding of this fundamental phenomenon of cell physiology, five theories are critically examined in the light of three sets of relevant experimental findings. These findings are: (1) the diversity and specificity of the percentage water content to tissue type; (2) the limitatio...
At equilibrium, the concentration ratio of poly(ethylene gycol) (PEG-4000) in a dialysis sac containing a 35.1% solution of native bovine hemoglobin over that in the external solution is 0.196 +/- 0.028 (mean +/- SD). This apparent equilibrium distribution constant or rho-value of 0.196, when viewed side-by-side with the near-equal distribution of...
Over the centuries, a vast amount of evidence has been gathering that layers of water sometimes measuring tens of thousands of water molecules thick exhibit altered properties in consequence of exposure to some solid surfaces. Yet, a clear cut theory based on the laws of physics that would predict this kind of long range dynamic ordering of water m...
In response to the request of the authors of the preceding paper, this article explains three observations they and others had made in the context of the association-induction hypothesis. (1) Why is Rb+ accumulated in human red blood cells not released when transferred to a Rb(+)-free Hank's solution? (2) Why ouabain, which reduces Rb+ uptake by re...
A detailed debunking of the alleged resurrection of the sodium-pump hypothesis which was disproved more than 35 years ago.
We determined the equilibrium distribution of twenty-one nonmetabolized nonelectrolytes in frog muscle cells. In all cases, plots of the equilibrium intracellular concentrations of a solute in the cell water against the external concentrations of the solute yielded straight lines in agreement with the prediction of such a rectilinear plot by the po...
High-molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-8000) in the bathing medium prolongs the survival of 2-mm-wide frog muscle segments with open ends. In a PEG-8000-containing medium Rb+, K+, and Na+ in the muscle segments reached new diffusion equilibrium in 2-4 hours. At this new equilibrium, the cell's preference of K+ over Na+ was preserved but v...
In this report, we describe the result of an extensive investigation of the effects of the conformations of proteins on the solvency of the bulk-phase water in which the proteins are dissolved. The concentrations of the proteins used were usually between 20 to 40%; the temperature was 25 degrees +/- 1 degree C. To probe the solvency of the water, t...
Ouabain enhanced the inhibitory effects of Li+, Na+, and K+ on the rate of Cs+ permeation into frog ovarian eggs while it reduced the inhibiting effect of Rb+. The data agree with earlier demonstrated effects of ouabain on the rank order of selective accumulation of the five alkali-metals in frog muscles and on the relative effectiveness of glycine...
The equilibrium distribution of 14 sugars, sugar alcohols, and other nonelectrolytes in solutions of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and of native and alkali-denatured bovine hemoglobin were studied over wide concentration ranges. The results show that the equilibrium concentrations of all the solutes studies are rectilinearly related to their external co...
Studies of the metabolism of four pentoses (D-, and L-arabinose; D-, and L-xylose) in frog muscle at 0 degree C revealed that all are metabolized at extremely slow rates. As a result, the metabolic degradation of these pentoses does not significantly affect their equilibrium distribution in muscle cells at this temperature at least. Of the four ste...
The experimentally observed steady-level distribution of Na+ (25 degrees) and of D-glucose (0 degree c) in frog muscle were chosen as examples of solute distribution patterns observed in living cells, for comparison with those predicted by two theoretical models: one derived from the membrane-pump theory and the other from the association-induction...
1. Previous work has suggested that living cells may acquire and then maintain different water contents and hence volume, in solutions containing different concentrations of solutes that are permeant to the cell membrane. Toward better understanding of this phenomenon, two hypotheses were introduced: one hypothesis is based on the membrane-pump the...
The effects of ouabain on the effectiveness of glycine, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ in the external medium in reducing the rate of entry of labeled Cs+ into frog sartorius muscles were studied. The results showed that in the absence of ouabain the effectiveness of glycine and alkali-metal ions in inhibiting labeled Cs+ entry follows the rank order:...
After the development of the "black lipid membrane" techniques, studies of the permeability of labeled water and nonelectrolytes across these artificial membranes have yielded permeability constants comparable in magnitude to those obtained from tracer studies of living cell membranes. This general agreement has affirmed the belief that the living...
The equilibrium distribution of D-arabinose, glycerol, D-ribose, sorbitol, sucrose or inulin in the water of sulfonate ion exchange resins (containing as counterions to the sulfonate anions, H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, tetraethylammonium or tetra-n-butyl-ammonium) was studied, usually at one temperature (25 degrees C) but sometimes at two (25...
In this paper we studied the volume changes of dialysis sacs containing concentrated solutions of native and denatured proteins and of oxygen-containing polymers after immersion in aqueous solution of Na-citrate, D-glucose, and sorbitol of varying concentration. The results confirm the theory of cell volume regulation: volume changes of living cell...
The living cell is the basic unit of life. Toward understanding of the living phenomenon in general and toward the erection of a solid foundation for future biomedical research it is vital to know “What are the fundamental distinctions between a living cell and a dead one?”
Nature is the international weekly journal of science: a magazine style journal that publishes full-length research papers in all disciplines of science, as well as News and Views, reviews, news, features, commentaries, web focuses and more, covering all branches of science and how science impacts upon all aspects of society and life.
The effects of 10(-7) M valinomycin, nonactin, and monactin on human erythrocytes, frog sartorius muscle, and frog ovarian oocytes in the presence of varying external K+ concentration were studied. The results showed essentially a consistent but relatively modest increase of the K+ permeability constant in cm/sec with all three antibiotics on human...
A brief history of colloid chemistry and membrane theory is given, with particular attention to the work by Bernstein, Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz. Available energy is discussed in terms of the energy required to operate a Na+ pump. The association-induction (AI) hypothesis is explored in the context of cell K+ and cell water, in vitro and in vivo te...
The polarized multilayer theory of cell water, as part of the association-induction hypothesis, and its rapidly gathering supportive experimental evidence were reviewed. It was shown that the new insight offered by this theory reconciles many hitherto unexplained phenomena and that new experimental data also suggest an improved definition of the co...
A living cell moves, conducts electric impulses, transports solutes against concentration gradients, and synthesizes chemicals. In these and other activities, the cell behaves like a reversible cyclic machine and performs work. Energy is transformed from one form to another in the process.
Charles E. Overton, a distant cousin of Charles Darwin, investigated the permeability of a variety of living animal and plant cells (e.g., muscle, erythrocytes, root hair, and algal filaments) to some 500 compounds. He found that the introduction of polar groups (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups) into a chemical substance decreases its pe...
Permeability is the sine qua non of the membrane theory. On the basis of permeability or impermeability, higher or lower permeability, passive or active permeability, explanations of many facets of cell physiology have been sought. The membrane theory was founded on the studies of Traube’s copper ferrocyanide gel membrane, a membrane once widely be...
Thus far in this book the picture of the living cell has been a static one. The key characteristic described has been that of association among the three major components of the resting cell: water, protein, and ions. I now examine the second major principle of the association—induction (AI) hypothesis: induction. The inductive effect underlies the...
The end of Chapter 2 documented the strong influence of A. V. Hill in the rejection of the earlier theories of “bound K+” and “bound water” in cells. Hill’s argument was essentially that the evidence supports the concept of free water in cells, and that if the water is free, K+ also must be free. In the first half of the preceding chapter, I docume...
Cancer is one of the major sets of diseases whose control has on the whole eluded medical science. I have chosen to conclude this book with a brief discussion of cancer, and have done so for two basic reasons: First, it logically follows the previous chapter on growth and development. Second, I believe that an understanding of the cancer cell requi...
An aqueous phase gains or loses water when separated by a copper ferrocyanide gel membrane from a contiguous aqueous phase containing a different level of solutes. The similarity of these phenomena to the osmotic behavior of living cells led W. F. Pfeffer (1877, 1921) to found the membrane theory, in which he postulated that surrounding all living...
There are few subjects in cell physiology that have played as large a role in the development of concepts of the cell as the selective accumulation and exclusion of solutes. Certainly, investigation of this subject helped the formulation of Troshin’s sorption theory as well as the association-induction (AI) hypothesis. In particular, the unusual di...
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss some subjects of importance in the field of protein synthesis and to present an integrated interpretation of some of the key observations within the framework of the association-induction (AI) hypothesis.
It was not until the early nineteenth century that physiology was thought of as the knowledge of the physics and chemistry of living functions. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) used the term physiology in a broad sense to mean “knowledge about nature” (Rothschuh, 1973). Thales of Miletos (ca. 640–548 B.C.) tried to explain all natural phenomena in terms of...
The experimental studies of A. V. Hill and Kupalov (1930; Hill, 1930) on frog muscle led them to the conclusion that virtually all water and K+ exist in the free state in living cells. The persuasiveness of their arguments played a major role in the abandonment of the colloidal approach to cell physiology and led to the dominance of the membrane th...
The term living state has a specific meaning in the association—induction (AI) hypothesis, as suggested in the title of the monograph published twenty-two years ago: A Physical Theory of the Living State (Ling, 1962). In this concept the living state does not mean merely the presence of an assortment of the right ingredients in the right stoichiome...
It is highly probable that the ability to distinguish between living and nonliving objects was already well developed in early prehuman animals. Cognizance of the difference between these two classes of objects, long a part of human knowledge, led naturally to the division of science into two categories: physics and chemistry on the one hand and bi...
In Chapter 11 the subject of selective solute accumulation and exclusion in isolated cells was extensively discussed. The weight of evidence supports the view that the asymmetry in the distribution of ions and other solutes across the surface of living cells is not the result of the continuous operation of pumps or active transport, but rather is a...
The physiology of individual organisms varies a great deal more than the physiology of individual cells, regardless of their origin. Thus a mouse can develop cancer; E. coli cannot. The highest order of coherence in the “society” of many different, or differentiated, cells of a multicellular organism begins with unequal cell divisions very early in...
The ionic theory of Hodgkin and Katz (1949a) and the Hodgkin-Huxley theory of the action potential (Hodgkin et al., 1952; Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952a–d) described in some detail in Section 3.4, are major landmarks in the evolution of cell physiology and provided the foundation for a great deal of skillful research in basic electrophysiology. Consider...
In Chapter 2 the work of Nasonov was mentioned. One of his students, Kamnev, published a paper in 1938 entitled “Permeability of Striated Muscle of Frog to Sugar.” In this paper Kamnev described experiments in which he followed the uptake of sucrose and galactose by frog muscle (Fig. 4.1). It took 2–4 hr for the sugars in the muscle tissues to reac...
As outlined in Section 2.3.1, Boyle and Conway further developed the basic concepts of Traube and Donnan, but especially those of Netter and Mond, and offered for the first time a general theory for the asymmetrical ionic distribution of living cells. In this theory, small ions like K+ and Cl- distribute across the cell membrane according to a Donn...
Living cells require a continual supply of energy to perform the work they must do in order to survive, to grow, and to reproduce. Lipmann (1941) in his general theory of energy transfer emphasized the key role of ATP in work performance (Fig. 15.1). It was then widely believed that the universal role of ATP in biological work performance lies in i...
Since the postulation of the Na+ pump theory in the 1940s, the number of publications implicitly and explicitly based on this view has been enormous. The most important evidence in support of the membrane pump theory was collected largely in the 1950s and early 1960s and is reviewed here.
Motility is a major living phenomenon, and in higher multicellular organisms specialized muscle cells provide its basic mechanism. Of the different types of muscle, by far the most extensively studied are the skeletal muscles, which are distinguished by the length of the individual cells as well as their cross-striations. Under an ordinary light mi...
The quantitative relationships between the concentrations of solutions of gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(ethylene oxide), polyvinylmethylether, and poly(ethylene glycol), and their ability to reduce the solubility of water for Na citrate are presented. The data in general are in harmony with the polarized multilayer theory of protein (and poly...
Incubation of frog sartorius muscles for 18 hours at constant external concentrations of K+ and Na+, but with the external concentration of Mg++ varying from 1.2 to 73.2 mM, brought about no change in the resting potential which remained constant at 88 mV. Results were the same in MgCl2 as in MgSO4. However, these cells are nearly as permeable to M...
Water, proteins, and potassium ions are the three most abundant components of the living cells. According to the membrane-pump theory, intracellular water and K+ exist largely in the free state. This theory has provided the theoretical framework for a great number of brilliant achievements, including the theory of cellular potentials of Bernstein (...
1. The effluxes of labeled Na+, D-arabinose, and sucrose from normal muscle and muscle poisoned with low concentrations of iodoacetate were studied. The procedure involved repeated loading with isotope, followed by washing of the same muscle while still normal and at different states of dying. 2. The rates of Na+ efflux in both the fast and slow fr...
Studies of native and denatured proteins and two synthetic polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone and poly(ethylene oxide), led to the conclusion that arrays of fully extended protein chains with their NH and CO groups directly exposed to bulk water reduce the solubility of Na(+), sucrose, and glycine within that water. These findings provide a basis for t...
Water oriented by 14 natural and 8 synthetic polymers, and by I polypeptide, was studied for solubility effects on Na+, sucrose, free amino acids, and other solutes com-monly present in living cells. Additional intensive investigation was made of 1 natural polymer (gelatin) and 4 synthetic polymers (methy lcellulose, poly vinylpyrrolidone, poly-vin...
1We studied the equilibrium distribution of Mg++ in the form of chloride and sulfate at two temperatures (5° and 25°C) in frog voluntary muscles. External Mg++ concentration was varied between 1.2 and 73.2 mM with the specific purpose of testing the diametrically opposed predictions of the membrane theory and the association-induction hypothesis.2T...
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Failure of previous equations to account for the decline of the cellular resting potentials at low external K+ concentration has led to a revision of the equation for the cellular resting potential based on the surface-adsorption theory, a corollary of the association- induction hypothesis. This revised equation, which takes into account cooperativ...
In this article, the key concepts of the association-induction hypothesis and their experimental verifications were reviewed: According to this hypothesis, the bulk of cell water exists in the state of multilayers polarized and oriented by the backbones of certain proteins existing in an extended state. The major intracellular cation, K+, is also a...
The effluxes of labeled Na+ and labeled ~arabinose from single frog ovarian eggs were simultaneously recorded from normal eggs and eggs in various stages of deterioration following exposure to the rnetabolic poison Na iodoacetate. Findings were: I. At least two fractiorls of Na+ occrrr in these egg cells: one fast-exchanging fraction and one slowly...
A theory of the cell volume is presented with emphasis on the swelling effect of high concentrations of KCl and other chloride
salts. In this theory a particular cell volume represents a state of balance between the tendency of the cell water to build
deeper layers of polarized water and the restraining forces exerted by the salt linkages and H-bon...
The Na+ efflux curves of single ovarian eggs are separable into two fractions. The magnitude of the slow fraction increases slowly with time of exposure of the eggs to labeled Na+, long after the fast fraction has reached equilibrium. The data agree with the theory that the fast fraction is rate-limited by surface permeation and that the slow fract...
At 25 degrees C, frog sartorius muslces rapidly gained Na+ and lost K+ in iodoacetamide and pure nitrogen. Beginning at normal levels, the concentrations of these ions in the cells reached those in the surrounding Ringer solution in 140 min. Yet during that time the Na+ efflux rate showed no sign of the slowing down demanded by Na-pump theory. The...
Three types of evidence are presented showing that the retention of cell water does not necessarily depend on the possession of an intact cell membrane. The data agree with the concept that water retention in cells is due to multilayer adsorption on proteins and that the maintenance of the normal state of water relies on the presence of adenosine t...
A close correlation (r = +0.96) exists between the permeability (at 0 degrees , 4 degrees , and 25 degrees C) of H(2)O and nine other hydroxylic nonelectrolytes through reversed frog skin and through synthetic cellulose-acetate sheets. By the method of least squares, the data yield the following relation: log (P(frog skin)) = 0.9900 log (P(cellulos...
The diffusion coefficient of potassium ion (DK) in frog muscles was studied by a new method. In normal cytoplasm DK averaged one-eighth of the value in the free solution. Arrest of metabolism or injury caused an increase in DK. In muscles killed with iodoacetate, DK rose to three-quarters of the value in free solution. The data support the associat...
The fact that multiple layers of gaseous molecules sorb on solid surfaces has long been known. A favorite subject of study has been the condensation of water on glass surfaces (Lehner, 1927; Smith, 1928). In 1929, deBoer and Zwikker (1929) presented a polarization theory, in which they attributed multilayer condensation to a propagated electrical p...
SUMMARY Using the rapid flow U-tube well-counter assembly, we studied the Br--ion efflux from frog sartorius muscle and thin connective tissues isolated from an area adjacent to the muscle in the same frog. It was shown that a very slow fraction from the muscle originates completely or nearly so from its connective tissue contents. Comparing the ze...
SUMMARY Ouabain (from 8 x to 3.26 x lo-' M) caused a decrease in the steady level of K+- ion concentration in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was reversed by removing ouabain or by raising the external K+-ion concentration. K+ ion lost by the cells was seen to be replaced by ~a'. ~a+ ion accumulated in response to the drug treatment was shown...
A theoretical equation is presented for the control of cooperative adsorption on proteins and other linear macromolecules by hormones, drugs, ATP, and other "cardinal adsorbents." With reasonable accuracy, this equation describes quantitatively the control of oxygen binding to hemoglobin by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and by inosine hexaphosphate.
New steady levels of K(+) and Na(+) ion in frog sartorius muscle were reached in 72 hr at 25 degrees C in environments containing 100-mM Na(+)-ion and K(+)-ion concentrations varying from near zero to 10 mM. These steady levels follow a pattern predicted by a cooperative adsorption isotherm presented in 1964. From a total of 13 sets of experiments...
New steady levels of K + and Na + ion in frog sartorius muscle were reached in 72 hr at 25°C in environments containing 100-mM Na + -ion and K + -ion concentrations varying from near zero to 10 mM. These steady levels follow a pattern predicted by a cooperative adsorption isotherm presented in 1964. From a total of 13 sets of experiments carried ou...
When a major portion of the intracellular K(+) in frog muscle is reversibly replaced by Na(+), the extra Na(+) gained by the cells does not show the nuclear magnetic resonance signal that free Na(+) does. The data contradict the membrane theory but are in accord with the concept that the bulk of intracellular K(+) is adsorbed.
SUMMARY A method was described for the in vitro preservation of adult frog muscle tissues at 25O~ for up to 8 days, as judged by the criteria of resting potential, the K+ and ~a+ contents, and mechanical contractility. Since the earliest days of biology, frog muscle has been a highly useful experimental material. Yet this muscle and many other type...
SUMMARY c heincubation with D-glucose does not change the level of labeled D-glucose subse- quently taken up at 0°C; preincubation with insulin alone causes a relatively small increase; preincubation with both insulin and D-glucose simultaneously or separately (insulin treat- ment first followed by D-glucose treatment) further increases the steady...
With the use of a newly introduced technique, the "influx profile analysis," we studied the diffusion of tritiated water in and out of frog ovarian eggs at 25 degrees C. The results show that the rate-limiting step in the exchange of labeled water is not permeation through the cell membrane but diffusion in the bulk of the intracellular water.
With the use of a newly introduced technique, the "influx profile analysis," we studied the diffusion of tritiated water in and out of frog ovarian eggs at 25°C. The results show that the rate-limiting step in the exchange of labeled water is not permeation through the cell membrane but diffusion in the bulk of the intracellular water.
The rate of hydrolysis of ortho-nitropheno-β-d-galactopyranoside (o-NPG) by β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli was measured in the presence of varying concentrations of substrate, Na+ and Cs+. The results were analyzed by means of Dixon plots. Na+ increases both the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate and the maximal rate of hydrolysis at s...
The volume occupied by the extracellular space has been investigated in six types of voluntary muscles: sartorius (frog), semitendinosus (frog), tibialis anticus longus (frog), iliofibularis (frog), rectus abdominis (frog), and diaphragm (rat). With the aid of four types of probe material, three of which are conventionally employed (inulin, sorbito...
A comparison is made between the quantitative predictions of equilibrium ionic distribution in living cells according to the membrane theory (Donnan equilibrium) and according to the association-induction hypothesis. This comparison shows that both theories predict competitive effects of one permeant ion on the equilibrium concentration of another...
We studied the effect an alkali-metal ion exercised on the rate of entry of another alkali-metal ion into frog sartorius muscle cells and their models (i.e., ion exchange resin and sheep's wool). In the case of frog muscle, it was shown that the interaction fell into one of four categories; competition, facilitation, and two types of indifference....
Citations
... However, this elementary knowledge from physics is not enough to link the protein-water interaction with the fundamental physical properties of a living cell. The solution to this problem was proposed by Ling [3,[18][19][20], and it explained Troshin's observations in many ways. Let's consider the basic principles of his theory because they are directly related to the physics of membraneless organelles/condensates and can be a good guide for the experimenter. ...
... Sin embargo, las membranas utilizadas ya no tenían una procedencia biológica, de origen animal, en su lugar fueron preparadas artificialmente. Moritz Traube, basándose en el descubrimiento de Thomas Graham, conocido como el padre de los coloides y quien dedicó su vida al estudio de la difusión [5,6], notó que los coloides no podían pasar a través del papel pergamino. Teniendo este hecho en cuenta, Traube descubrió una membrana de precipitación en gel basada en ferrocianuro de cobre [7,8] que era permeable al agua, pero no a los iones Cu 2+ , ferrocianuro, sacarosa, entre otros solutos [9,10]. ...
... Therefore, this result may suggest that the ligands and their metal complexes with antimicrobial properties which can be used as antimicrobial agents in new drugs for therapy of infectious diseases in human. Suggestions are made that the negative inductive effect plays a significant role, dimerization of oxime involves the formation of a pair of H bonds (Ling, 1986; Hania, 2009). This feature will cause a decrease of electronic density in oximes compared with phenylhydrazones, thereby facilitating entry of the oxime into the cell. ...
... However, the trends in water content for edematous tissue would be the same regardless of the approach. It has been supposed that the water in biological tissues has a characteristic structure and physicochemical properties different from those of pure water (11,25). However, recent dielectric studies (5,6,11) with the TDR method have also suggested the existence of water with the features of pure water in biological materials. ...
... This suggests that the impact that proteins/polymer exert on water structure couple to the dynamics of water existing at the membrane interface. The fact that PEG and Gelatin generate a major change in water long-range structuration is in agreement with the Polarized Oriented Multilayer Theory, a subsidiary theory of the AIH, proposed by Ling and collaborators [13,14,54,55], as will be discussed in the next section. ...
... In PVME, the water contents again fall steadily with increasing Na concentration. However, the four pvalues for Na, Mg, glycine, and sucrose all show varying degrees of upward trend at high citrate concentration (see Figs. 8,9). Figure 7 shows the p-value of sodium 14 POLYOX 205 ...
... Under sterile conditions frog sartorius muscles (Rana pipiens pipiens, Schreber) were incubated at room temperature for 4 days in K + -free Ringer-GIB medium [40] containing 2.5 mM Cs + as described by Ling and Bohr [41]. About 80% of cellular K + was then replaced with Cs + [6]. ...
... Nevertheless, membraneless cell models are able to generate action potentials that indicate a crisis in the membrane theory of electrical potentials: alleged membrane action potentials are in fact interphase ones from the point of view of membraneless physiology. The activity of the "ion channels" of membraneless microspheres also appears in a different light ( [34], Fig. 2): it is caused by spontaneous changes in the adsorption potential of the microscopically thin surface layer of microspheres, that is, it is the result of the same physical phenomenon as in living cells, according to Ling's theory [39]. Thus, membraneless protocells, the precursors of living cells, had electrical activity long before the formation of membranes such as the axon membrane. ...
... The conclusion that an electrogenic ion transport system exists in vascular muscle has been based primarily on experiments designed to stimulate such an active transport process while recording the electrical and mechanical consequences of electrogenic pump stimulation (20,27) and has not been without controversy (42,43). The most important concepts supporting electrogenic ion transport as the explanation for additional contributions to E, (beyond those made by ion gradients discussed above) are I) the transient changes in E, on changing the key parameters that regulate active ion transport and 2) the time course of those changes. ...
Reference: er Determinants embrane in Vascular Muscle
... The solubility of non-electrolytes in this bound water layer is much lower than in pure water [86,87] and the lateral diffusion of water in this layer is 100-times slower than in free water [88]. Proteins and other cell biopolymers bind similar large amounts of water [83,[89][90][91][92][93] and in doing so arrange the adjacent water into what is termed polarized multilayers. Such multilayers have a highly hydrogen-bond-oriented state resulting in reduced solvent properties [83,[89][90][91][92][93]. ...
