Gianni Pennini’s research while affiliated with LyondellBasell Industries and other places

The ability of a MgCl 2 support to activate a transition metal catalyst has been found to depend both on the crystallographic structure of the support and on the nature of the catalyst. A high degree of crystallographic disorder can be very effective for the immobilization and activation of titanium and vanadium complexes, but is not necessarily effective for zirconocene activation. A highly disordered support prepared by the reaction of MgBu 2 with HCl gave high activity with TiCl 4 but low activity with ( n ‐PrCp) 2 ZrCl 2 . High polymerization activities with the zirconocene were only obtained with supports of type MgCl 2 /AlR n (OEt) 3− n prepared from the reaction of AlR 3 with MgCl 2 · 1.1EtOH. These supports are characterized by additional peaks in the X‐ray diffraction pattern, indicating the presence of a crystalline structure which is absent in the other supports and contains highly Lewis acidic sites able to generate the active metallocenium species. magnified image

Three procatalysts of the MgCl2/TiCl4 type, differing mainly in their morphological characteristics, were investigated in ethylene polymerization and ethylene-1-butene copolymerization. Apparently, hydrogen has an intrinsic and general deactivating effect but it can also play an activating effect in homopolymerization. This peculiarity was found to be related to a catastrophic breakage of the polymer/catalyst particles during growth and thus to the exposure of new active centers. In this case the kinetic profiles are irregular and characterized by one or more secondary peaks which reflect the moment when this morphology-driven rate-enhancement effect takes place. In general, the prepolymerization of the procatalysts with propylene tends to slightly enhance homopolymerization rate, to slow down copolymerization rate and to stabilize the morphology of the growing polymer particles, thus preventing the occurrence of the irregular kinetic profiles observed during homopolymerization in the presence of hydrogen. The behavior of the procatalysts investigated was found to depend on the distribution of their pore size rather than the absolute values of their porosity. Likely this is due to an easier diffusion of the monomer and a more regular and homogeneous growth of the polymer within larger as opposed to smaller pores. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

In an autoclave reactor, propylene polymerization was carried out in slurry phase using an industrial TiCl 4 /Phthalate/MgCl 2 catalyst system. Polymerization kinetic profiles were obtained during reaction time. Effects of some process parameters like hydrogen concentration and polymerization temperature, on reaction kinetics, polymerization performance, polypropylene morphology and some important properties of produced polymer were investigated. Reaction and deactivation rates are strongly influenced by hydrogen amount and polymerization temperature. The final properties and morphology of the achieved polymers are correspondingly affected too. Initial polymerization rate is the crucial factor in the development of the polymer particle morphology. Higher polymerization temperature and hydrogen concentration mainly increase the initial polymerization rate. When this rate is high, the particle will not be able to replicate properly the shape of catalyst particle, and irregular shaped surface structures will form, with high porosity, and low values for bulk density.