Gerold Wirnitzer's scientific contributions
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Publications (29)
Few studies were developed to understand the relationship between running characteristics and motivation. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between running event history, running experience, and best race performances in recreational distance runners. We used a web survey to obtain information regarding running experience, ra...
Background
There is a strong association between lifestyle behavior and health status. While young adulthood is a critical period for adopting and stabilizing lifelong healthy behavior, university life is independently associated with psychological stressors that may further affect health and well-being.Objective
The present multidisciplinary study...
Background
The association between lifestyle and health status highlights the importance of assessing health-related behavior in different populations. This multidisciplinary study aimed to examine the health behavior of academic staff of Austrian colleges and universities, with a specific focus on diet types (vegan, vegetarian, omnivorous) and phy...
The potential running or endurance performance difference based on following different general types of diets, such as omnivorous, vegetarian, or vegan, remains questionable. Several underlying modifiable factors of long-distance running performance, especially runner training behaviors and experience, diminish the clarity of results when analyzing...
Runners train for long-distance competitions based on underlying motivations, which may be similar to individual dietary motivations (e.g., well-being and performance). Fundamental training differences may arise in recreational runners following different diet types (omnivore, vegetarian, vegan) considering possible motive variations. Following a c...
The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated restrictions/lockdowns have influenced the health and lifestyle behaviour of university students and staff, particularly their physical activity (PA) habits. However, the association between the direction of PA changes and sociodemographic characteristics has not been studied. This nationwide study was condu...
Healthy lifestyle is the major indicator of individual and public health especially in target populations (e.g., during emerging adulthood). Evidence indicates that unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are strongly associated with the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases. The dual approach of sustainable health (i.e., physical exercise tied to a heal...
Sex differences in anatomy and physiology are the primary underlying factor for distinctions in running performance. Overall participation in recreational running events has been dominated by males, although increasing female participation has been reported in recent years. The NURMI study participants filled in a survey following the cross-section...
Training for running events is fundamental for successful participation in various running events such as 10 km, half-marathon, marathon, or ultra-marathon distances. Training behaviors are likely based on runner motivations and social constraints, particularly for females. Participants completed a questionnaire following a cross-sectional approach...
The increasing prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle choices contribute to almost all chronic conditions negatively affecting individual and public health. As the most beneficial preventative solution, a healthy lifestyle focusing on the dual approach of physical activity (PA) and a healthful diet is highly recommended. Considering the growing number o...
The increasing prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle choices contribute to almost all chronic conditions negatively affecting individual and public health. As the most beneficial preventative solution, a healthy lifestyle focusing on the dual approach of physical activity (PA) and a healthful diet is highly recommended. Considering the growing number o...
This study aims to investigate vegetarian and mixed diet type prevalences among distance runners at running events around the world and associations with running-related patterns and performance. Following a cross-sectional approach, linear regression analyses were carried out to identify potential associations among body mass index (BMI), diet typ...
While the popularity of distance running is growing worldwide, endurance runners’ dietary challenges associated with their prolonged training and racing activities have not yet been fully understood. The present investigation was conducted with the aim of examining the association between race distance and dietary intake of distance runners. A tota...
Nowadays, the growing popularity of distance running has been accompanied by the increasing prevalence of vegan and vegetarian diets, especially among endurance athletes. The present study aimed to examine the association between diet type and dietary intake of distance runners competing at distances longer than 10 km. From a total of 317 participa...
Sex has been recognized to be an important indicator of physiological, psychological, and nutritional characteristics among endurance athletes. However, there are limited data addressing sex-based differences in dietary behaviors of distance runners. The aim of the present study is to explore the sex-specific differences in dietary intake of female...
Endurance running is well-documented to affect health beneficially. However, data are still conflicting in terms of which race distance is associated with the maximum health effects to be obtained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the health status of endurance runners over different race distances. A total of 245 recreational runner...
Lifestyle behaviors are key contributors to sustainable health and well-being over the lifespan. The analysis of health-related behaviors is crucial for understanding the state of health in different populations, especially teachers who play a critical role in establishing the lifelong health behaviors of their pupils. This multidisciplinary, natio...
Accompanied by the growing popularity of distance running, the prevalence of vegan and vegetarian diets in endurance runners has increased across the globe and especially in German-speaking (D-A-CH: Germany, Austria, Switzerland) countries. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the epidemiological characteristics associated with diet t...
Attaining healthy behaviors is essential at any life stage, particularly childhood, due to the strong link between children’s lifestyle and the subsequent adult state of health. This multidisciplinary study aimed to assess lifestyle behaviors of Austrian pupils of secondary schools I and II, with a specific focus on PA habits and diet types based o...
As a key modulator of training adaptations and racing performance, nutrition plays a critical role in endurance runners’ success, and the training/racing behaviors of runners are potentially affected by their diet types. The present study aimed to investigate whether distance runners with a vegan diet (i.e., devoid of foods or ingredients from anim...
It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differenc...
Nutrient deficiency is a common cause of underperformance in endurance athletes, and supplement intake is frequently considered compensatory for vegan and vegetarian athletes specifically. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous distance (>10 km) runners and its association with age,...
The present study investigated pre-race preparation of a large sample of recreational runners competing in different race distances (e.g., shorter than half-marathon, half-marathon, marathon and ultra-marathon). An online questionnaire was used and a total of 3,835 participants completed the survey. Of those participants, 2,864 (75%) met the inclus...
Boldt, P, Knechtle, B, Nikolaidis, P, Lechleitner, C, Wirnitzer, G, Leitzmann, C, and Wirnitzer, K. Sex differences in the health status of endurance runners: results from the NURMI study (step 2). J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-Optimized endurance performance is closely linked to a good health status (HS), which is crucially affected by...
Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets are well known. However, data is sparse in terms of their appropriateness for the special nutritional demands of endurance runners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the health status of vegetarian (VER) and vegan endurance runners (VGR) and compare it to omnivorous endurance runners (O...
Background:
Health-related effects of a vegetarian or vegan diet are known to support parameters positively affecting exercise performance in athletes, whereas knowledge about psyche and wellbeing is sparse. Therefore, the aim of the Nutrition and Running High Mileage (NURMI) Study (Step 2) was to compare Quality of Life (QOL) scores among enduran...
Objectives: Since endurance running challenges body and mind to an extremely high degree, a good health status (HS) is inevitable. As the choice of an appropriate diet is a crucial factor in terms of health, the aim of the study was to investigate the HS of vegetarian/vegan endurance runners (VR) and compare it to omnivorous endurance runners (OR)....
Background:
Beneficial and detrimental effects of various vegetarian and vegan diets on the health status are well known. Considering the growing background numbers of vegetarians and vegans, the number of vegetarian and vegan runners is likely to rise, too. Therefore, the Nutrition and Running High Mileage (NURMI) Study was designed as a comparat...
Citations
... While the distribution of sex and age within the present study groups was normal and insignificant, other factors such as dietary habits, stress levels, and workplace culture may play a key role in explaining the above difference. Consistently, data from large-scale Austrian studies spanning various age groups demonstrate that PA patterns are linked to the interplay of several lifestyle factors [65][66][67][68], highlighting the significance of recognizing diverse health determinants. ...
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... A significant difference was found in the marital status of the runners based on diet type (p = 0.029), which showed that the omnivores were the least likely to be divorced (3%) or separated (22%), the vegetarians were most often among the single (38%), and the vegans were most common among the divorced or separated (11%). The traits, sociodemographics, and motives of the runners are provided in Table 1 based on the dietary subgroups; further details on these subjects are given in Part B of the sequenced investigation [41]. (44) 27% (12) 32% (29) Note. ...
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... The supplement is administered in a fluid structure that can flow through the stomach and into the circulatory system without making it difficult for participants during the game or preparation. This is the perfect opportunity during half-time which is the most obvious opportunity to renew some of the fluids and carbohydrates lost during the game (Wirnitzer et al., 2023). The best and beneficial way is to drink isotonic sports drinks that have a sugar definition of 6-8% or carbohydrate supplementation at 30-60 g/h or by polishing attenuated fruit juices, high-energy bars of carbohydrates, fruit, water. ...
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... The study protocol was approved by the ethics board of the associated tertiary educational entities; students from 52 of the total 102 Austrian colleges/universities (> 50%) participated. Further information is available in the study protocol (73). ...
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... Please see the subsequent description of the methodology for the complete profile for this investigation (Part A of the arrangement) 31 , as well as previous publications 10, [32][33][34] . Following a protocol 35 , the Nutrition and Running High Mileage (NURMI) Study has been approved by the ethics board of St. Gallen, Switzerland on the 6 th of May in 2015 (EKSG 14/145) with a retrospective trial registration (number: ISRCTN73074080). ...
... Please see the subsequent description of the methodology for the complete profile for this investigation (Part A of the arrangement) 31 , as well as previous publications 10, [32][33][34] . Following a protocol 35 , the Nutrition and Running High Mileage (NURMI) Study has been approved by the ethics board of St. Gallen, Switzerland on the 6 th of May in 2015 (EKSG 14/145) with a retrospective trial registration (number: ISRCTN73074080). ...
... Sustainably healthy-From Science 2 Highschool and University 1 is a cross-sectional study with a multidisciplinary approach using a multilevel cluster sampling strategy. As a seamless follow-up to the original school study 2 (44,72), the present nation-wide study was conducted on a large sample of Austrian college and university students. This study is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Research of Austria (BMBWF; Department 1/7-School and University Sports). ...
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... The issue on the vegan diet has been much less studied [17] than the vegetarian diet [29], and the omnivorous diet-the world's most common diet type [30]-typically serves as the reference group for comparisons [31]. What remains unclear from the scientific evidence to date [18,27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] is whether a running performance difference exists when including the vegan diet as an additional comparator group. Due to the vast influence of several different factors in running performance, such as genetics [39] or personal training behavior [40,41], observable diet type differences may be limited [36,37]. ...
... Additionally, in India [131] and Iran [132] the intake of products based on kidney beans is considerable. In turn, the use of kidney beans by vegan runners from Germany, Austria, Switzerland is substantial [133], wherein female athletes exhibit a greater intake of beans than male athletes [134]. According to Vinci [135], the incorporation of beans into the diet of athletes leads to an increase in protein intake. ...
... However, based on studies in non-European nations, over half of bank employees were affected by overweight or obesity [57][58][59]. This inconsistency highlights the significance of genetic, socio-cultural, and behavioral factors that can influence body composition and adiposity in varying ways among different populations [60][61][62]. When comparing the study groups, a significant difference in the prevalence of overweight/obesity was evident based on PA levels, where bank employees with low or moderate levels of PA were more than twofold as likely to have excess body weight (50%) compared their colleagues with a high PA level (22%). ...
