George S. Serna’s research while affiliated with University of Akron and other places

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Publications (4)


Revisiting the structural validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale.
  • Article

January 2000

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33 Reads

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33 Citations

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

Bonnie Moradi

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David M. Tokar

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[...]

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George S. Serna

Despite masculinity researchers' widespread use of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS; J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, & L. Wrightsman, 1986), the structural validity of this instrument has recently been called into question. The authors revisited the status of the GRCS's structural validity via confirmatory factor analyses of both rationally and randomly developed item parcels as well as item-level data in a sample of 702 college men. Results indicated that, consistent with previous research, O'Neil et al's hypothesized oblique 4-factor model did not provide a conventionally good fit to the item-level data. However, as expected, superior (and conventionally good) fits to the data resulted when both rational and random parcel-level models were tested. Considered collectively, the results provide strong support for the structural validity of the GRCS and suggest that it is quite appropriate for masculinity researchers to score the GRCS for O'Neil et al's 4 factors.


Table 1 Means, Standard Deviations, Internal Consistency Reliabilities, and Intercorrelations for the Gender Role Conflict Scale Subscales and Total Score
Revisiting the Structural Validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale
  • Article
  • Full-text available

January 2000

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534 Reads

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42 Citations

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

Despite masculinity researchers' widespread use of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS; J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, & L.Wrightsman, 1986), the structural validity of this instrument has recently been called into question. The authors revisited the status of the GRCS's structural validity via confirmatory factor analyses of both rationally and randomly developed item parcels as well as item-level data in a sample of 702 college men. Results indicated that, consistent with previous research, O'Neil et al.'s hypothesized oblique 4-factor model did not provide a con-ventionally good tit to the item-level data. However, as expected, superior (and conventionally good) fits to the data resulted when both rational and random parcel-level models were tested. Considered collectively, the results provide strong support for the structural validity of the GRCS and suggest that it is quite appropriate for masculinity researchers to score the GRCS for O'Neil et al.'s 4 factors.

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Validity and Construct Contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale—Long Form

April 1998

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80 Reads

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34 Citations

Journal of Counseling Psychology

The Racial Identity Attitude Scale—Long Form (RIAS–L; J.E. Helms & T.A., Parham, 1996) is likely to be the instrument of choice in future research on African American racial identity development, but little is known about its psychometric properties. RIAS–L data from 275 African American community members and students were collected, and a series of analyses (i.e., correlations, multiple regressions, and confirmatory modeling) was conducted to explore convergent and discriminant validity. Overall, results were mixed, generally revealing limited support for the RIAS–L's convergent and discriminant validity and highlighting concerns regarding the Preencounter and Encounter subscales.


Validity and construct contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale--Long Form.

April 1998

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12 Reads

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38 Citations

Journal of Counseling Psychology

The Racial Identity Attitude Scale—Long Form (RIAS–L; J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996) is likely to be the instrument of choice in future research on African American racial identity development, but little is known about its psychometric properties. RIAS-L data from 275 African American community members and students were collected, and a series of analyses (i.e., correlations, multiple regressions, and confirmatory modeling) was conducted to explore convergent and discriminant validity. Overall, results were mixed, generally revealing limited support for the RIAS-L's convergent and discriminant validity and highlighting concerns regarding the Preencounter and Encounter subscales.

Citations (4)


... Confirmatory factor analyses supported the construct validity of the GRCS and subscales (Braverman, 1990;Hammer, McDermott, Levant, & McKelvey, 2018;Moradi, Tokar, Schaub, Jome, & Serna, 2000;Norwalk, Vandiver, White, & Englar-Carlson, 2011;O'Neil et al., 1986;Wester, Vogel, O'Neil, & Danforth, 2012), and it demonstrated good convergent validity with similar measures (Brannon & Juni, 1984;Eisler & Skidmore, 1987;Thompson & Pleck, 1986;Wade & Gelso, 1998). The GRCS total score was used in this study's primary and secondary hypotheses and analyses due to limited hypotheses in previous research on GRC subscales (O'Neil, 2015). ...

Reference:

Man Your Meter: The Mediating Roles of Self-Compassion and Self-Efficacy Between Gender Role Conflict and Diabetes Self-Care, Diabetes Distress, and Glucose Control in Men with Diabetes
Revisiting the structural validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale.
  • Citing Article
  • January 2000

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

... However, it is possible for responses on scales (e.g. racial identity; Fischer et al., 1998) to be negatively skewed due to self-presentation biases and socially desirable responding (Paulhus, 1991). For these reasons, we then split the sample according to the scale midpoint (i.e. using 4 as the cut point in the seven-point Likert scale) in order to elicit a more accurate categorization of the subgroups. ...

Validity and construct contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale--Long Form.
  • Citing Article
  • April 1998

Journal of Counseling Psychology

... Two studies ( Yanico et al., 1994 ) also reported a restriction in range of scores on pre-encounter and internalization , with more respondents disagreeing with the pre-encounter items and more agreeing with the internationalization items. Also, a social desirability methods eff ect was found to structurally contaminate the pre-encounter construct in the Long form (Fischer, Tokar, & Serna, 1998 support for convergent and discriminant validity of the BRIAS (Fischer & Moradi, 2001 ; Fischer et al., 1998 ; Ponterotto, Fuertes, & Chen, 2000 ; Sabnani & Ponterotto, 1992 ) to an array of sociocultural variables (i.e., psychological health, racism, self-esteem, counselor preference, and vocational variables). Findings, however, have been met with caution due to the psychometric concerns of the measure. ...

Validity and Construct Contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale—Long Form

Journal of Counseling Psychology

... Herdman et al. (2012) evaluated the validity of GRCS with a sample of gay men and lesbian women. They reported lower scores than those of other samples of U.S. heterosexual men (Moradi et al. 2000), in particular in the subscale about Restrictive Affectionate Behavior, including items on affective contact with a person from the same sex. In another study, Daltry (2013) applied the GRCS instrument to a sample of women for the purpose of evaluating the impact of gender role conflict in professional female athletes. ...

Revisiting the Structural Validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale

Psychology of Men & Masculinity