Geoffrey T. Creber’s research while affiliated with Birkbeck, University of London and other places

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Publications (14)


The contribution of growth rings to the reconstruction of past climates
  • Article

January 1987

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11 Reads

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14 Citations

Creber G.T.

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Chaloner W.G.

Tree growth in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary and the reconstruction of palaeoclimates

November 1985

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39 Reads

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158 Citations

Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology

Evidence from the distribution and characteristics of fossil wood in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary indicates that a much warmer global climate prevailed in those times. There appears to have been a broad zone of largely non-seasonal climate stretching from about 32° N to 32° S (palaeolatitudes). In addition to this low-latitude zone, forest growth extended into very high palaeolatitudes where trees cannot grow at the present day. A number of theories have been proposed to account for the palaeoclimate responsible for this distribution of forests. Most notable have been those involving changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, in the positions of the continents or in the obliquity of the earth's axis of rotation. Evidence from fossil forests indicates that a combination of the effects of an increased quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the palaeopositions of the continents in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary appears at the moment to be the simplest explanation for the climate of those geological times, without the need to invoke axial movement.


Influence of environmental factors on the wood structure of living and fossil trees

October 1984

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91 Reads

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352 Citations

The Botanical Review

The mechanism of wood development records in varying degree the effects of both external and internal factors that are operating at the time of development. As a result, fossil woods spanning the last 370 million years represent a unique palaeo-environmental data-store. Data concerning external factors that can be reclaimed consist of: presence or absence of growth rings; ring widths; relative proportions of earlywood and latewood and the nature of the transition between them; “false” and “frost” rings and evidence of damage by animals or fire; occurrence of reaction wood. These effects have to be seen against a background of the influences of the internal factors. The development of wood involves the action of plant growth regulators. The production of an entire season’s growth of wood depends on a supply of photosynthate, partly stored from the previous year, and the remainder directly from photosynthesis during the current one. In any population of trees of the same species there will be genetic variation which will lead to differences in the wood formed by the individual trees even if they have all grown in a largely similar environment. However the external factors exert a much greater influence than the internal ones. Our earliest fossil woods (Upper Devonian) show either seasonless growth patterns or, if weak rings are perceptible, then the increments are extensive. This is consistent with the palaeo-equatorial position of all recorded Devonian woods. In the Carboniferous a few sites (marginal in the tropical belt?) show subdued (weak) growth rings. By the time of the Gondwana glaciation strong rings are shown in high southern latitudes, but most surprisingly there are sizeable increments well inside the palaeoantarctic circle. This phenomenon persists into the Mesozoic where lack of growth rings shows consistency with positions within the palaeo-equatorial latitudes. However occurrence of Cretaceous high latitude wood growth demonstrates that given an adequate ambient temperature, forest growth was possible close to both poles. It is shown that this is consistent with the total energy flux known to occur now in high latitudes. Le mécanisme de développement du bois enregistre à des degrés variables les effets des facteurs, à la fois externes et internes, opérant au moment du développement. C’est pourquoi les bois fossiles des dernières 370 millions d’années représentent un fonds d’information unique en ce qui concerne le paléo-environnement. Les informations qui ont pu être recueillies au sujet des facteurs externes sont les suivantes: la présence ou l’absence des zones d’accroissement; le diamètre des cernes; les proportions relatives du bois initial et du bois final et la nature de la transition entre eux; les “faux cernes” et les “cernes de gelée” et les traces de dommage causé par les animaux ou le feu; l’existence de bois de réaction. On doit analyser ces effets à la lumière des influences des facteurs internes. Le développement du bois nécessite l’action de régulateurs de croissance des plantes. La production totale de bois pendant une saison depend de l’alimentation en produits de photosynthèse dont une partie provient des stocks de l’année précédente, le reste ayant été synthétisé pendant l’année en cours. Dans toutes les populations d’arbres d’une même espèce il existe des variations génétiques qui conduisent à des différences dans le bois formé par chaque arbre individuel même s’ils ont tous poussé dans un environnement semblable. Néanmoins les facteurs externes exercent une influence beaucoup plus importante que les facteurs internes. Nos bois fossiles les plus anciens (Dévonien Supérieur) montrent soit des modèles de croissance qui ne tiennent pas compte des saisons, soit, si les cernes faibles sont visibles, ils sont larges. Ceci est compatible avec la position paléo-équatoriale de tous les bois Dévoniens observés. Pendant le Carbonifère, quelques sites (marginaux dans la ceinture tropicale?) montrent de faibles zones d’accroissement. A l’époque de la glaciation Gondwana, des cernes remarquables apparaissent dans les hautes latitudes méridionales, mais on observe avec surprise des accroissements de taille dans le cercle paléo-antarctique. Ce phénomène persiste pendant le Mesozoïque où l’absence des zones d’accroissement est compatible avec les positions dans les latitudes paléo-équatoriales. Cependant l’existence de forêts dans les hautes latitudes pendant le Crétacé démontre que si la température ambiante était adéquate, la pousse de forêts était possible près des deux pôles. On démontre que ceci est compatible avec le flux total d’énergie que l’on sait exister aujourd’hui dans les hautes latitudes.



Citations (14)


... Jansonius, a pollen grain with a wide distribution, common (Cheng et al., 2022;Yang and Li, 2022). Chaloner, 1984). These characteristics of the growth ring 400 boundaries suggest a marked seasonality, which is consis-401 tent with the paleolatitude (above 45°latitude) of the out-402 crops (Smith et al., 1994;Wilford and Brown, 1994). ...

Reference:

Coniferous woods from the Albian (Piedra Clavada Formation) of Argentine Patagonia
Climatic indications from growth rings in fossil wood
  • Citing Article
  • January 1984

... However, this kingdom was not always so poor in flora and fauna (Truswell, 1990). Before the ice cap extended across the entire continent of Antarctica, diverse biota had adapted to the extremely seasonal light and thermal conditions imposed by its high latitude (Creber, 1990). The prevailing climate in this territory appears to have been temperate pluviestival (also known as cool-temperate). ...

The South Polar Forest Ecosystem
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 1990

... It is thus tempting to interpret the characteristics of these rings in terms of palaeoclimatology. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches have been proposed for fossil woods (Creber and Chaloner 1987), i.e., woods dating from the Pleistocene or older. The mean-sensitivity (MS) is probably the most used quantitative approach. ...

The contribution of growth rings to the reconstruction of past climates
  • Citing Article
  • January 1987

... As a result, there are some well-documented examples of fungal associations with land plants (Taylor et al. 2015). However, although showing some damaged wood, more or less well-preserved, the fossils do not always reveal hyphae or reproductive structures of the putative fungal pathogens ä Fig. 15 (continued) specimen, section K5459b1 showing one mature root with stele (S), the cavity of the former cortex now filled with sand (CC), and exodermis layer (arrow), between exodermis layer, and the periphery of the boring tiny lower-order roots are visible, scale bar ¼ 5 mm; (c) detail of Fig. 15b showing the triarch stele with protoxylem (arrows), exarch metaxylem (MX), secondary xylem (SX), and extraxylary tissue (ET) of the root, scale bar ¼ 500 μm; (d) detail of a juvenile root with stele (S), cortex cavity (CC) filled by sand, and exodermis layer (arrow) (note an additional side root (R) with stele and cortex cavity), section K5459b1, scale bar ¼ 500 μm; (e) juvenile root with stele (S), parenchymatous cortex (C) with lacunae, and exoderm layer (arrow), section K5459c, scale bar ¼ 500 μm (Creber and Ash 1990). Already Daugherty (1941) had attributed pockets of necrotic tissue in conifers from the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, to fungal activity and introduced the fossil fungus Polyporites wardii. ...

Evidence of widespread fungal attack on Upper Triassic trees in the southwestern USA
  • Citing Article
  • July 1990

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

... By contrast, younger rock units contain woods from trees which grew at high polar latitudes with relatively equable temperatures and high seasonality and which were shown to possess clear growth rings. In greenhouse intervals, tree growth is possible at the poles because the light availability, despite its seasonality, is perfectly adequate for vigorous tree growth (Chaloner and Creber 1989). The significance of tree rings was also discussed in two general accounts of the use of fossil plants as proxies for palaeoclimate Chaloner 1994). ...

The phenomenon of forest growth in Antarctica: A review
  • Citing Article
  • October 1989

Geological Society London Special Publications

... Plant distribution during the Carboniferous varied in space as well as time and several geographical floristic units (phytochoria) have been distinguished (e.g. Chaloner and Lacey 1973;Chaloner and Meyen 1973;Vakhrameev et al. 1978;Rowley et al. 1985;Meyen 1987;Allen and Dineley 1988;Chaloner and Creber 1988;Thomas 1991, 2019;Wnuk 1996;Cleal 2020). However, the degree of floristic provincialism changed dramatically during this time period as the global climatic changes resulting from the developing Late Paleozoic Ice Age took effect. ...

Fossil plants as indicators of Late Palaeozoic plate positions
  • Citing Article
  • January 1988

Geological Society London Special Publications

... Fossilised plants offer valuable insights into plant diversity as well as palaeoclimatic, palae-oenvironmental and palaeoecological conditions of the past (Creber & Chaloner, 1985;Feng et al., 2013Feng et al., , 2017Feng et al., , 2019. Palynomorphs are frequently used as proxies in palaeoclimate studies due to their abundance in sedimentary deposits and their close correlation with vegetation composition and climatic/environmental changes (Traverse, 2007). ...

Tree growth in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary and the reconstruction of palaeoclimates
  • Citing Article
  • November 1985

Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology

... Beerling and Rundgren, 2000;Haworth et al., 2005;Kürschner et al., 2008;Passalia, 2009;Bonis et al., 2010;Jing and Bainian, 2018;Steinthorsdottir et al., 2021). The 'stomatal method' is based upon the inverse relationship between the number of stomata on a leaf surface and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO 2 ]) in which the leaf developed (Raven and Sprent, 1989;Chaloner and Creber, 1990;Beerling and Chaloner, 1994;. The extended evolutionary history, geographical distribution, and high preservation potential of Ginkgoales has contributed to a large number of palaeo- [CO 2 ] reconstructions based upon the stomatal frequencies of their fossils (eg. ...

Do fossil plants give a climatic signal?
  • Citing Article
  • April 1990

Journal of the Geological Society

... In their detailed study of W. arizonica and Schilderia adamanica -another unusual wood from the Petrified Forest - Creber and Ash (2004) discussed the fact that W. arizonica could possibly be merged with Araucariopitys americana but still kept the two taxa separated. Creber and Collinson (2006) also included an early Permian specimen from the Irati Formation of Brazil in the species. This specimen showed 'vascular traces, as in W. arizonica'. ...

Epicormic Shoot Traces in the Secondary Xylem of the Triassic and Permian Fossil Conifer Species Woodworthia Arizonica — Short Communication
  • Citing Article
  • January 2006

IAWA Journal

... A key element is the transported nature of the wood, which represents logs and woody debris that was transported by fluvial processes from an upstream source area. The preservation logs with attached root resulted in an interpretation that the trees were felled by cut-bank erosion in the ancient river system [23]. ...

The Late Triassic Araucarioxylon Arizonicum trees of the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA
  • Citing Article
  • November 2003

Palaeontology