Genyi Li’s research while affiliated with University of Manitoba and other places

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Publications (57)


Cotyledons of Surpass 400, near isogenic line W + BLMR2 and Westar, 14 days after inoculation (dai) of the pycnidiospore suspension (2 × 10⁷ spores/mL) of Leptosphaeria maculans isolate 87-41. Surpass 400 showing high resistance (A); W + BLMR2 showing intermedium resistance (B); and Westar with the susceptible phenotype (C).
Genetic and physical map of BLMR2 locus on Chromosome A10 of Brassica napus. Genetic map showing BLMR1 and BLMR2 (Long et al., 2011; A). The flanking SSR and SCAR markers used in the fine mapping of BLMR2 (B). Molecular marker data of the recombinants with resistant phenotype showing overlapping BLMR2 region corresponding to 57.3 kb physical interval. The candidate BLMR2 gene is indicated (C).
Validation of the expression of Brassica napus CYP81F2 gene in the resistant near isogenic line (NIL) W + BLMR2 and susceptible Westar using qRT-PCR at 4 days after inoculation (dai) with Leptosphaeria maculans isolate 87-41. Samples d-Wes is water check of Westar; Wes, inoculated Westar; d-NIL, water check of NIL; NIL, inoculated NIL. The relative gene expression value is normalized using the Actin gene (BnaA01g19850D). Error bar shows standard deviation of the mean based on three biological replicates. The asterisk (∗) represents significant difference from all the other samples based on Tukey test, p < 0.05.
Primers for all applications.
Genetic Analysis of a Horizontal Resistance Locus BLMR2 in Brassica napus
  • Article
  • Full-text available

May 2021

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84 Reads

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4 Citations

Qiang Zhang

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Madison McCausland

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Genyi Li

Leptosphaeria maculans causes blackleg disease in Brassica napus. The blackleg disease is mainly controlled by resistance genes in B. napus. Previous studies have shown that the blackleg resistant BLMR2 locus that conferred horizontal resistance under field conditions, is located on chromosome A10 of B. napus. The purpose of this study is to fine map this locus and hence identify a candidate gene underlying horizontal resistance. The spectrum of resistance to L. maculans isolates of the resistance locus BLMR2 was analyzed using near isogenic lines, resistant, and susceptible cultivars. The results showed that this locus was horizontally resistant to all isolates tested. Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR), simple sequence repeats (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed in the chromosome region of BLMR2 and a fine genetic map was constructed. Two molecular markers narrowed BLMR2 in a 53.37 kb region where six genes were annotated. Among the six annotated genes, BnaA10g11280D/BnaA10g11290D encoding a cytochrome P450 protein were predicted as the candidate of BLMR2. Based on the profiling of pathogen induced transcriptome, three expressed genes in the six annotated genes were identified while only cytochrome P450 showed upregulation. The candidate corresponds to the gene involved in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway and plant basal defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular markers identified in this study will allow the quick incorporation of the BLMR2 allele in rapeseed cultivars to enhance blackleg resistance.

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Genetic Mapping, Quantitative Trait Analysis, and Gene Cloning in Brassica oleracea

March 2021

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56 Reads

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2 Citations

Among the cultivated Brassica species, B. oleracea is among the most genetically and morphologically diverse species. The modern crop forms of B. oleracea have been cultivated and selected for centuries together with the diverse range of wild forms found in this species and closely related species, which played important roles in creating variation in B. oleracea and other cultivated Brassica species. Utilization of molecular breeding tools has been a great advantage in B. oleracea vegetable breeding around the world. Construction of genetic maps based on molecular markers ranging from isozyme to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers has enabled mapping of various important genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield, quality, disease resistance, and earliness in B. oleracea. This chapter focused on milestones in the utilization of various genomics tools such as genetic map construction, gene and QTL (fine) mapping, molecular marker development and marker-assisted selection in B. oleracea vegetable crops for enhancing productivity, quality, and yield to meet ever increasing vegetable demand. Use of genetic resources such as male sterile systems, restoration of male sterility for hybrid seed production and exploration of heterosis in hybrid Brassica vegetable breeding is also discussed.


Comparison of cotyledon disease phenotypes of BLMR2 and BLMR1 containing lines when inoculated with a set of isolates. The parents Westar (susceptible) and Surpass 400 (resistant) were also included as controls
Genotypes of near isogenic lines and their R gene donor parent Surpass 400 and recurrent parent Westar
Ls mean Disease Severity Index (DSI, 0-9) estimates of heterozygous BLMR2/blmr2 and susceptible blmr2 when inocu- lated with five isolates
Analysis of quantitative adult plant resistance to blackleg in Brassica napus

August 2019

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398 Reads

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10 Citations

Molecular Breeding

Leptosphaeria maculans L. causing blackleg is a highly evolved fungal pathogen that damages the rapeseed industry in Canada, Australia, and Europe. Advanced backcross populations segregating for intermediate resistance (BLMR2) and susceptible (blmr2) alleles were planted and inoculated using cotyledons. Near iso-genic lines (NILs) containing the intermediate blackleg resistance locus along with the parent lines and other controls were planted in a blackleg nursery at the University of Manitoba. ANOVA indicated a correlated significant difference between the genotypes with BLMR2 and blmr2 alleles at the seedling and adult plant stages. Heterozygous plants with both BLMR2 and blmr2 alleles showed relatively lower disease severity index (DSI) while other plants with only the blmr2 allele induced a higher DSI at seedling and adult plant stages, respectively, on a scale of 0–9. In the field, the NILs with the BLMR2 alleles consistently showed lower stem canker severity index similar to the resistant parent Surpass 400 in three consecutive years. In comparison, lines with known R genes (BLMR1 and Rlm2) showed relatively higher DSI in the field test. This demonstrated that the intermediate resistance locus performed well under severe blackleg disease pressure in the field while the NIL lines with single dominant R genes were ineffective. Because a group of isolates carrying various Avr/avr alleles was used in the field evaluation, our results suggest that the intermediate resistance locus confers horizontal resistance and has excellent potential in blackleg management in western Canadian canola production regions.


Transcriptional Insight Into Brassica napus Resistance Genes LepR3 and Rlm2-Mediated Defense Response Against the Leptosphaeria maculans Infection

July 2019

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203 Reads

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15 Citations

The phytopathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans causes the blackleg disease on Brassica napus, resulting in severe loss of rapeseed production. Breeding of resistant cultivars containing race-specific resistance genes is provably effective to combat this disease. While two allelic resistance genes LepR3 and Rlm2 recognizing L. maculans avirulence genes AvrLm1 and AvrLm2 at plant apoplastic space have been cloned in B. napus, the downstream gene expression network underlying the resistance remains elusive. In this study, transgenic lines expressing LepR3 and Rlm2 were created in the susceptible “Westar” cultivar and inoculated with L. maculans isolates containing different sets of AvrLm1 and AvrLm2 for comparative transcriptomic analysis. Through grouping the RNA-seq data based on different levels of defense response, we find LepR3 and Rlm2 orchestrate a hierarchically regulated gene expression network, consisting of induced ABA acting independently of the disease reaction, activation of signal transduction pathways with gradually increasing intensity from compatible to incompatible interaction, and specifically induced enzymatic and chemical actions contributing to hypersensitive response with recognition of AvrLm1 and AvrLm2. This study provides an unconventional investigation into LepR3 and Rlm2-mediated plant defense machinery and adds novel insight into the interaction between surface-localized receptor-like proteins (RLPs) and apoplastic fungal pathogens.


Combinations of Independent Dominant Loci Conferring Clubroot Resistance in All Four Turnip Accessions (Brassica rapa) From the European Clubroot Differential Set

November 2018

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211 Reads

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43 Citations

Clubroot disease is devastating to Brassica crop production when susceptible cultivars are planted in infected fields. European turnips are the most resistant sources and their resistance genes have been introduced into other crops such oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), Chinese cabbage and other Brassica vegetables. The European clubroot differential (ECD) set contains four turnip accessions (ECD1–4). These ECD turnips exhibited high levels of resistance to clubroot when they were tested under controlled environmental conditions with Canadian field isolates. Gene mapping of the clubroot resistance genes in ECD1–4 were performed and three independent dominant resistance loci were identified. Two resistance loci were mapped on chromosome A03 and the third on chromosome A08. Each ECD turnip accession contained two of these three resistance loci. Some resistance loci were homozygous in ECD accessions while others showed heterozygosity based on the segregation of clubroot resistance in 20 BC1 families derived from ECD1 to 4. Molecular markers were developed linked to each clubroot resistance loci for the resistance gene introgression in different germplasm.


Evolution analysis and expression divergence of the chitinase gene family against Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection in Brassica napus

March 2018

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26 Reads

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1 Citation

Blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot caused by Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum respectively are two major diseases in rapeseed worldwide, which cause serious yield losses. Chitinases are pathogenesis-related proteins and play important roles in host resistance to various pathogens and abiotic stress responses. However, a systematic investigation of the chitinase gene family and its expression profile against L. maculans and S. sclerotiorum infection in rapeseed remains elusive. The recent release of assembled genome sequence of rapeseed allowed us to perform a genome-wide identification of the chitinase gene family. In this study, 68 chitinase genes were identified in Brassica napus genome. These genes were divided into five different classes and distributed among 15 chromosomes. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the expansion of the chitinase gene family was mainly attributed to segmental and tandem duplication. Moreover, the expression profiling of the chitinase gene family was investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the results revealed that some chitinase genes were both induced while the other members exhibit distinct expression in response to L. maculans and S. sclerotiorum infection. This study presents a comprehensive survey of the chitinase gene family in B. napus and provides valuable information for further understanding the functions of the chitinase gene family.


Frequency distribution of two replicates and average for days to wilting after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum isolate Canada77 in two DH populations, H1 and H2 of B. napus. Sclerotinia stem rot resistant and susceptible checks, Zhongyou 821 and Westar are indicated on each graph, respectively
Putative QTL identified for resistance to sclerotinia stem rot in the H1 DH population derived from a cross between Zhongyou 821 × DHBao604 in B. napus
Putative QTL identified for resistance to sclerotinia stem rot in the H2 DH population derived from a cross between Zhongyou 821 × DH6576 in B. napus
Putative QTL identified for resistance to sclerotinia stem rot in the H3 DH population derived from a cross between Zhongyou 821 × Westar in B. napus
Sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) profiles amplified with SA7 and PM5 primer pairs in three DH populations: H1 (a), H2 (b) and H3 (c) in B. napus. Marked bins in each profile show the 448 bp bin of marker SA7PM5-448
Identification of common QTL for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in three doubled haploid populations of Brassica napus (L.)

November 2017

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193 Reads

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25 Citations

Euphytica

Sclerotinia stem rot (SR) is one of the most devastating diseases of canola/rapeseed. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were carried out to identify loci responsible for resistance to SR in three doubled haploid DH populations (H1, H2 and H3). Petiole inoculation technique PIT was used to evaluate the all populations for resistance to SR. Genetic maps were developed using sequence related amplified polymorphism SRAP and simple sequence repeat SSR markers. Genetic maps of the H1 and H2 populations were developed using 508 and 478 markers, respectively. Previously published genetic map of the H3 population was also used in this study. The QTL analysis was carried out for each replicate separately as well as on the average of all the replicates. The numbers of identified QTL in each analysis varied from four to six in the H1 population, three to six in the H2 population and two to six in the H3 population. A number of common QTL were identified between the replicates of each population. Two common QTL were identified on linkage group A7 and C6 between the H1 and H3 populations and one QTL on A9 between the H2 and H3 populations. We are the first to report, identification of common QTL between different populations of Brassica napus.


Neighbour-joining dendrogram clustered using Nei’s standard genetic distance based on 293 SRAP polymorphic bands obtained through sequence-related amplified polymorphisms on 79 Brassica napus genotypes visualized in Geneious V.8.05. Distinct clusters have been numbered and colour-coded for ease of viewing. Each genotype is either a maintainer (-B) or restorer (-R) in the ogu-INRA pollination control system
Neighbour-joining dendogram based on Tamura–Nei’s genetic distance calculated on 80,005 SNPs obtained from genotyping by sequencing on 79 Brassica napus genotypes visualized in Geneious (V.8.05). Distinct clusters have been numbered and colour-coded for ease of viewing. Each genotype is either a maintainer (-B) or restorer (-R) in the ogu-INRA pollination control system
Characterization of Brassica napus L. genotypes utilizing sequence-related amplified polymorphism and genotyping by sequencing in association with cluster analysis

November 2016

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152 Reads

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8 Citations

Molecular Breeding

Identifying parental combinations that exhibit high heterosis is a constant target for commercial Brassica napus L. hybrid development programs. Finding high heterotic parental combinations can require hundreds of test crosses and years of yield evaluation. Heterotic pool development could be used to divide breeding material into specific breeding pools and focus the number of parental combinations created. Here, we report the genotypic characterization of 79 B. napus genotypes by calculating genetic distance based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) in association with a neighbour-joining clustering algorithm. Despite the different genotypic analyses, neighbour-joining cluster analysis based on genetic distance of SRAP and GBS produced similar clusters. Homology between SRAP and GBS clusters was approximately 77 % when manually comparing clusters and 68 % when comparing clusters using Compare2Trees. This research demonstrates that SRAP can have similar efficacy when compared to next-generation sequencing technology for heterotic pool classification. This information may provide an important breeding scaffold for the development of hybrid cultivars based upon genetic distance and cluster analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-016-0576-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Fig. 2. Partial linkage groups A03, A07, A08, and A09 displayed major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on the genetic map of Brassica rapa developed by sequence-related amplified polymorphism, simple-sequence repeat, sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Glucosinolate biosynthesis gene-specific
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping and Candidate Gene Identification for Seed Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa L.

March 2016

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232 Reads

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8 Citations

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur-and nitrogen-rich plant secondary metabolites biosynthesized in plant species belonging to the order Brassi­cales. In this study, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between Chinese cabbage [Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt and subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt] and yellow sarson [B. rapa L. subsp. trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt], eight gene-specific and gene-flanking markers for GSLs and 148 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers were assembled on the previous ultradense genetic map of B. rapa. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for GSLs was performed using this genetic map, and gene-specific markers were used to identify the loci involved in the biosyn­thesis of GSLs. Over a dozen QTL for progoitrin, gluconapin, glucoalyssin, glucobrassicanapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, total aliphatic gluco­sinolate, and total GSL were identified in seeds. A candidate locus of Br-GSL-ELONG gene on linkage group A03 was identified to cosegre­gate with 5C aliphatic GSLs (glucoalyssin, glu­cobrassicanapin, and sum of 5C) in B. rapa. This locus was also colocalized with the QTL control­ling seed gluconapin and sum of 4C GSL (glu­conapin, progoitrin). The results suggest that the Br-GSL-ELONG locus on linkage group A03 might have multifunctional properties for 4C and 5C aliphatic GSL biosynthesis in Brassica spe­cies. Glucosinolate biosynthesis gene-specific molecular markers developed in this study can be used to manipulate GSLs in other Brassica species including rapeseed (B. napus L.) and Brassica vegetables.


Fig. 2 (Colour online) Reliability of the SSR markers based on dominant polymorphism between clubroot resistance alleles and susceptible alleles in canola/rapeseed quality Brassica napus and Brassica rapa cultivars and inbred lines.
Fig. 3 (Colour online) Clubroot symptoms for advanced backcross families inoculated with Plasmodiophora brassicae. (a) Segregation of clubroot susceptible and resistant plants in the BC 3 family, TQ1BC3F1-1; (b) Segregation of clubroot susceptible and resistant plants in the BC 3 family, TQ1BC3F1-2; (c) BC 3 S 2 family, TQ1BC3F3-1 displayed all the plants with clubroot resistance phenotypes that carried clubroot resistance locus in a homozygous dominant state; (d) BC 3 S 2 family, TQ1BC3F3-2 displayed all the plants with clubroot resistance phenotypes that carried homozygous dominant clubroot resistance; (e) All the plants with clubroot susceptible phenotypes that carried homozygous susceptible alleles; (f) The clubroot susceptible parent 'Topas' used in backcross breeding as female.
Transferring clubroot resistance from Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa ) to canola ( B. napus )

January 2016

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375 Reads

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20 Citations

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most important diseases of Brassica species worldwide, including vegetable and oilseed crops. A dominant clubroot resistance gene from B. rapa (Chinese cabbage) was previously fine mapped and molecular markers were developed in Chinese cabbage that could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in other Brassica crops. To transfer this clubroot resistance gene to B. napus (canola), an interspecific hybridization was made between B. napus (canola) and B. rapa (Chinese cabbage). Subsequently, the F1 was backcrossed to the canola recurrent parent for three generations to produce BC1, BC22 and BC32 progenies. Using these populations, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers flanking the clubroot resistance gene were used to perform MAS in canola. These molecular markers were then evaluated in 13 different canola and rapeseed quality genotypes in B. napus and B. rapa. These markers exhibited high reliability in identifying clubroot resistance in this diverse set of Brassica genotypes. Clubroot resistance also co-segregated with the SSR markers flanking the clubroot resistance gene in the BC32 and BC32S1. The segregation ratio of resistant and susceptible individuals in the BC32 supported the expected 1:1 ratio for the segregation of a single Mendelian gene. BC32S1 families with homozygous clubroot resistance were developed during this process, and should be valuable sources of clubroot resistance in B. napus breeding activities.


Citations (41)


... Marker sequences from previously mapped resistance QTL were collected from the literature (Chung et al., 2013;Ferdous et al., 2020;Fujiwara et al., 2011;Hossain et al., 2020;Huang et al., 2017;Jin et al., 2013;Kim et al., 2011Kim et al., , 2013Laila et al., 2019;Long et al., 2011;Matsumoto et al., 2012;Nagaoka et al., 2010;Nguyen et al., 2018;Pang et al., 2018;Saito et al., 2006;Shimizu et al., 2014;Suwabe et al., 2006Suwabe et al., , 2012Yu et al., 2012Yu et al., , 2016Yu et al., , 2017Zhang et al., 2014Zhang et al., , 2018Zhang et al., , 2021 and were BLASTed using Geneious (R6.1.8) to assign the physical location of the QTL in the pangenome. ...

Reference:

Comparative pangenome analyses provide insights into the evolution of Brassica rapa resistance gene analogues (RGAs)
Genetic Analysis of a Horizontal Resistance Locus BLMR2 in Brassica napus

... Dozens of genetic maps have been developed for B. oleracea using different populations and molecular markers over the past 30 years. Considering all these genetic linkage maps, molecular markers ranging in number from 92 to 4,787 were used and the chromosome lengths ranged from 65 to 1,738 cM [11]. The rst high-density genetic linkage map of B. oleracea, with 1,257 molecular markers including sequence-related ampli ed polymorphism and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers spanning 703 cM in nine linkage groups, was constructed based on a F 2 population derived from a broccoli and cauli ower cross [12]. ...

Genetic Mapping, Quantitative Trait Analysis, and Gene Cloning in Brassica oleracea
  • Citing Chapter
  • March 2021

... Chitinases considered as glycosyl hydrolases with the size ranging from 20kDa to 90kDa (Chen et al., 2018). Chitinases can be categorized into two major classes which include endochitinases and exochitinases (Xu et al., 2018). Chitinases have hydrolytic capacity towards chitin (Spasic et al., 2018), and the breakdown of chitin by chitinase enzymes consequently produce low molecular mass multimers of GlcNAc such as chitotriose, chitotetrose and dimer diecetylchitobiose (Vaijayanthi et al., 2016). ...

Evolution analysis and expression divergence of the chitinase gene family against Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection in Brassica napus
  • Citing Preprint
  • March 2018

... This result is in accordance with previous reports that some major Rlm/LepR genes also have quantitative effects on adult plant resistance. For example, the fungal AvrLmS-Lep2 genefor-gene interaction with a B. napus R gene, LepR2, shows a qualitative intermediate resistance response at the cotyledon stage and partial resistance at the adult plant stage (Long et al., 2011;Dandena et al., 2019;Neik et al., 2020, preprint). The hypothesis that Rlm9 is involved in quantitative resistance is also supported by Raman et al. (2018), who reported a quantitative resistance effect of the location harboring Rlm9 in the greenhouse on adult plants, using a plant population segregating for Rlm9 and an L. maculans isolate carrying a corresponding functional avirulence gene AvrLm5-9 allele. ...

Analysis of quantitative adult plant resistance to blackleg in Brassica napus

Molecular Breeding

... Another pathogenesis-related gene, Bol008611, bearing the ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF035 was also induced in both resistant lines 'BN4098' and 'BN4303' after the inoculation of the 00-100 s isolate. In a recent study, the transgenic lines of a susceptible cultivar of B. napus -Wester, introgressed with LepR3 and Rlm2 resistant genes, exhibited differential expression in several ethylene-responsive transcription factors after RNA-seq analysis, suggesting that these transcription factors could be important candidate resistant genes against blackleg disease (Zhou et al. 2019). Furthermore, in silico analysis of cis-regulatory elements, annotation of gene ontology, and functional interaction networks indicated that several ERFs in B. napus, such as ERF227, ERF228, ERF234, ERF134, ERF132, ERF176, and ERF235, could be responsible for offering resistance against L. maculans and L. biglobosa. ...

Transcriptional Insight Into Brassica napus Resistance Genes LepR3 and Rlm2-Mediated Defense Response Against the Leptosphaeria maculans Infection

... In such instances, using F1 hybrids as hosts for differentiating pathotypes of P. brassicae is not recommended. Additionally, the genetic background and clubroot-resistant genes often need to be clarified for most hosts used in clubroot differentiation sets, with exceptions such as hosts ECD01 to ECD04 [51]. Hence, Pang et al. [37] have developed a set of differential hosts known as the Sinitic Clubroot Differential (SCD) set. ...

Combinations of Independent Dominant Loci Conferring Clubroot Resistance in All Four Turnip Accessions (Brassica rapa) From the European Clubroot Differential Set

... A low contribution by individual QTLs was observed in the early breeding generations, such as the DH and F 2 generations. For example, in B. napus DH populations, QTLs associated with resistance to S. sclerotiorum explained 4.65%-36.06% of the phenotypic variation (Behla et al. 2017;Qasim et al. 2020). Similarly, QTLs for resistance explained 3.8%-16.5% of the phenotypic variance in the F 2 populations developing from a cross between resistant B. villosa and wild susceptible B. oleracea (Bergmann et al. 2023). ...

Identification of common QTL for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in three doubled haploid populations of Brassica napus (L.)

Euphytica

... In addition, GBS has been used in almost all cruciferous crops, employed to construct a high-resolution genetic map, to identify clubroot resistance (CR) genes, and identified 43 821 SNPs in B. oleracea (Lee et al. 2015). Likewise, a study has shown the genotypic characterization of 79 B. napus genotypes by calculating genetic distance based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and GBS in association with an NJ clustering algorithm (Lees et al. 2016). Another study showed that GBS of the parental lines and BC 1 plants resulted in approximately 1.32 million sequences from T19 aligned to the reference genome of B. rapa with 0.4-fold coverage, and 1.77 million sequences with 0.5-fold coverage (Yu et al. 2017). ...

Characterization of Brassica napus L. genotypes utilizing sequence-related amplified polymorphism and genotyping by sequencing in association with cluster analysis

Molecular Breeding

... Before multi-omics investigations, a PCR-based technique was used to detect certain traits of Chinese cabbage, such as microsatellite markers [30], anchor single sequence repeats (SSRs), Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) [32,33], and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [34]. The SNPs are genetic differences that occur at a single nucleotide position in the organism's genome. ...

Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping and Candidate Gene Identification for Seed Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa L.

... To improve food tolerance in biotic and abiotic environments, strategies have been developed to improve plant tolerance in B. rapa [6]. Introgression breeding and interspecific hybridization are widely used methods for genetic improvement, such as transferring clubroot tolerance from Chinese cabbage to canola [14] and vice versa [15]. These techniques enhance genetic diversity and improve the agronomic performance of novel cultivars. ...

Transferring clubroot resistance from Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa ) to canola ( B. napus )