Gennady Alpatov’s research while affiliated with Saint Petersburg Mining University and other places

Research background: Many contemporary empirical studies and theories of economic growth have revealed the dependence of innovative development of countries on the adequacy of funding for innovation. However, much of the empirical literature has discussed the issue of innovativeness without assessing the impact of the structure of funding sources on the success of the innovation process. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to prove the hypothesis of the inefficiency of innovative systems in which the proportion of public investment is high compared to private investment. In Russia, the share of public R&D funding is 67%, and the EU average is 33%. Methods: Based on the empirical research, we have compared the EU Horizon 2020 program with Russian VEB Ventures programs, conversion and digitalization programs of the Industrial Development Fund and found out how the structure of funding sources for these programs affects the success of their implementation. Findings & Value added: The results of our research show that a large share of public funding is not the cause, but the result of low private innovation activity and a lack of private investment. Significant reasons for their shortage were identified: the economic feasibility of purchasing ready-made solutions on the global market instead of funding research; cheap labour; adverse business climate. Thus, a high share of public financing of innovations in a country can serve as an indicator of the existence of serious reasons for restraining innovative development.

Research background: The paper presents literature analysis and review on the considered problem. Purpose of the article: This paper is devoted to researching the effect a phase of the long wave has on technological development commercialization (TDC) in Russia taking into account the trend which has been found for tuning a public-private partnership institution into the triple helix mechanism. Methods: The modern phase of the long wave has been assessed empirically and statistically. The study is based on previously achieved empirical results (by some authors) in studying propensity of economic agents in Russia to introduce basic innovations and the TDC. Authors used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Findings & Value added : In the phase of the global long wave recession, the national innovation system formed in Russia turned out to be an organizational and institutional innovation timely arranged. Nevertheless, institutional barriers have remained for the TDC. The program of implementing the scientific and technological priorities in Russia is rather scarcely effective because of institutional factors. Under the current conditions of the global long wave depression, which began in 2020 and, according to our estimates, is to last until 2025, it seems essential to provide a set of such institutional arrangements as organizational, motivational, and coordinating ones that would contribute to the development of public-private partnership instruments and the triple helix. In modern condition it includes such instruments of TDC as development of competence-centers, Foresight, promotion for Startups and so on.

Research background: The analysis shows the focus of studies on public incentive for science and technology (S&T) on individual tools (financial support, personnel development, infrastructure, scientific collaborations), or the study of the current issues. The development of a systemic view on the evolution of the public mechanism of S&T incentive is required. Purpose of the article: to form a systemic view on the processes and instruments of S&T stimulation in Russia over the past 30 years, allowing to create a methodological basis for centers of excellence development. Methods: A comprehensive historical and logical analysis of Russian and foreign studies is conducted. Using a systemic approach, a classification of S&T incentive instruments is developed, which is greatly influenced by the ideas of S. Zaichenko on centers of excellence. Quantitative analysis of S&T statistics in the context of the implementation of various public incentive mechanism instruments allows to draw conclusions about the level of effectiveness of the latter. On the basis of the synthesis of all the results obtained, proposals for the structure of the mechanism for stimulating centers of excellence in Russia are generated. Findings & Value added: - S&T stimulation tools in Russia over the past 30 years are identified and classified; - a periodization of these instruments is developed; - a chronological analysis of their evolution in the context of the selected groups and their influence on the innovative development of Russia is conducted; - proposals on the structure of the mechanism for stimulation of the centers of excellence in Russia are formulated.

Research background: Numerous attempts not only in the Russian Federation but also in many other countries to copy successful examples of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EEs) from the USA did not lead to equally outstanding results. In scientific literature and in the media, the underestimation of the influence of informal institutions, also called cultural traditions of the country and business customs, is increasingly cited as a reason for that unfulfilled expectations. We postulate that the main reason for unfulfilled expectations lies in the underestimation of the influence of political culture. Purpose of the article: the goal is to prove the hypothesis that the prevailing culture of statism hinders the development of effective relationships between two key EEs actors - founders and venture funds. Methods: analysis of data from a wide range of publications by keywords and their classification into groups of factors that influence on EEs. Findings & Value Added: - The mature EEs dictates the rules to every new member, but the evolving EEs itself obeys the code of conduct that existed before it appeared. - The larger the share of state-funded startups, the stronger the distorting influence of the state in the sensitive period of EEs formation. - As a result of the contradiction that has arisen between the cultural environment and the need for security and support for startups, there is an outflow of startups to EEs with a friendly environment. This is the main reason for the lack of private venture capital in the country.

The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the problem areas of formation of values of cultural objects and further positioning of the territories in which they are located. Nowadays, approaches to the competitiveness of a market entity operating in the global economy have been changing dramatically due to the fact, that business has increased its role in a post-industrial society. The importance of marketing, especially in the field of culture, is considerably enhanced by the dominance of imperceptible assets inherent in the knowledge economy. However, the use of marketing involves taking into account the specifics of cultural practices. These practices manifest themselves at the level of understanding the nature of the cultural product as well as at pricing, promotion methods and mechanisms of distribution of cultural products to target consumer markets. The article uses the methodology of breakthrough positioning based on modified Cagan–Vogel maps and shows that since the culture is the “sphere of presence” of public interest, art objects cause growing competitiveness of territories where they are exhibited. The article substantiates the need for state participation in promoting cultural goods.