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Mucoadhesion is a state in which two components, one of which is of biological origin, are held together for extended periods of time with the assistance of interfacial forces. This state can be characterized as mucoadhesion. The buccal mucosa has excellent accessibility and is rather immobile, making it suited for the administration of retentive dosage forms. Comparatively speaking, the other transmucosal routes do not possess these characteristics. From a theoretical vantage point, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of the work that has been done in the subject of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems, abbreviated MBDDS. This article begins with a brief introduction of the mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, oral mucosa, and the theories of mucoadhesion. It then proceeds to detail the works that have been done so far in the field of MBDDS, categorizing them depending on what they are intended to treat. In addition, we concentrate on the numerous patents, recent advancements, and obstacles in the field, as well as the opportunities that exist for mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems.
This paper investigates in detail the variety of phytochemicals found in different leaves that have been shown to have anti-diabetic properties. The ongoing worldwide health crisis of diabetes mellitus has prompted researchers to look for efficient treatment solutions, especially those derived from natural sources. Many plant species' leaves have been studied for their bioactive components that may influence how glucose is metabolised and lessen the symptoms of diabetes. The phytochemicals found in these leaves, including as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, are the subject of contemporary study, which is summarised in this article. Furthermore, the processes that underlie their anti-diabetic activities are clarified, providing insight into their potential as therapeutic agents in the future. Our goal is to contribute to the development of new diabetes therapies by offering insightful information on the wide range of bioactive components present in leaves that have anti-diabetic qualities.
The present study aimed to develop the PAMAM dendrimer-mediated transdermal formulation of luliconazole. Luliconazole has anti-fungal activity. It acts by inhibiting lanosterol demethylase, which is a major component of the fungus cell wall. Luliconazole has a melting point of 150-152°C and is soluble in various solvents. Its lipophilicity is 4.16 in n-octanol. UV spectroscopy shows no significant interaction with polymers. Calibration curves are linear in 1-10 µg/ml. Solubilization studies show that luliconazole exhibits pH-dependent solubility, increasing with increasing pH. The drug's solubility is affected by dendrimer concentration and pH, with a pKa of 4.15. Dendrimers offer several advantages over conventional polymers concerning drug interactions, including that they are well-defined molecules, allow the development of well-defined drug/polymer systems, and have the potential for high drug payloads. In addition to increasing the solubility, PAMAM dendrimers offer the possibility for sustained release of the drug from the drug-dendrimer complex. They also provide the possibility to design pH-dependent controlled release drug delivery systems containing the drug trapped inside the dendrimers. The present research study is to develop the PAMAM dendrimer-mediated transdermal formulation of luliconazole and explore the potential of PAMAM dendrimer as a noval drug delivery to enhance skin permeation
Bijora, also known as Citrus medica Linn., is a significant plant in Ayurveda, although little is known about its pharmacological properties. Objectives: The current study assessed pharmacognostic and physicochemical standards. Methods: Methods used included macroscopy, microscopy, phytochemical screening, and GC MS analysis. Results: Macroscopy reveals the fruit's organoleptic characteristics, while microscopic analysis reveals the existence of oil glands and capillaries in the rind that produce essential oils. When water-soluble ash is higher than acid-insoluble ash, it means there are fewer acid-insoluble siliceous materials. GC MS analysis of methanolic extract. Initial phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and steroids. Conclusion: Citrus medica fruit's pharmacognostic and phytochemical criteria are distinct enough to establish its validity.
The pharmaceutical industry has played a crucial role in improving patient health, but the rising costs of medications have led to concerns about sustainability. Governments worldwide are implementing measures to contain healthcare spending, with a focus on curbing pharmaceutical expenses Dosage forms, especially for oral administration, are vital in drug delivery. Among them, dry powder for oral suspension stands out as a favorable option. This formulation consists of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients in powder form. Dry suspensions offer advantages such as accuracy, uniformity, oral administration, stability, patient acceptability, and cost-effectiveness. They are particularly suitable for populations like pediatrics and geriatrics who may have difficulty swallowing tablets. The formulation of dry powder for oral suspension involves selecting appropriate suspending agents, sweeteners, wetting agents, buffers, preservatives, flavors, and colorants. The choice of these ingredients is crucial for improving powder flow, preventing caking, and enhancing patient acceptance. The inclusion of sweeteners like sucrose helps mask the bitter taste of drugs, while wetting agents aid in the dispersion of hydrophobic drugs. This study delves into the reformulation of cholestyramine resin for oral suspension, focusing on physicochemical properties affecting drug performance. The API undergoes thorough physical characterization, identification, and assay, ensuring compliance with quality standards. The formulation development involves selecting the optimal method (powder blends), optimizing the formula, and addressing factors like pH, sedimentation behavior, and flavor to match the innovator product. Evaluation of the optimized formulation includes pH determination, powder flow characteristics, sieve analysis, sedimentation pattern observation, viscosity determination, assay, and in vitro bile acid binding studies. The results Singh et al. Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics (JDDT) 111 | P a g e indicate the optimized formulation's stability, comparable hygroscopic nature to the API, and bioequivalence in bile acid binding with the innovator product.In conclusion, the study provides insights into the formulation and optimization of dry powder for oral suspension, showcasing the importance of selecting suitable ingredients and ensuring bioequivalence. The optimized cholestyramine resin formulation presents a stable and viable alternative for patient use.
Background: Millions of people worldwide use alternative health care systems, and traditional medicines are a crucial part of such systems. In contrast to contemporary pharmaceuticals, which are single molecules that have undergone rigorous testing, structural optimisation, and toxicological clearance, traditionally used herbal remedies are multi-constituent medicines, the safety and efficacy of which are dependent on the experiences of the practitioners. More than 80% of contemporary medications are obtained directly from natural sources (plants, microorganisms, cells, etc.) or their molecules/compounds. Plants are becoming recognised as prospective sources for drug development. Diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal diseases are treated using a variety of conventionally used medicinal herbs. Aim & Objective: The focus of the current study is on testing P. guajava ethanolic leaf extract for its potent anti-diarrheal properties, which have been demonstrated in computer-aided simulation tests confirmed the plant's potential for antidiarrheal action. Method: A grid-based docking strategy was used to determine the binding using the Auto Dock software. Merck Molecular Force Field was used to build the 2D structures of compounds, convert them to 3D, and then energetically reduce them up to arms gradient of 0.01. (MMFF). Result: Based on previously proven effects of flavonoids and on diarrhea. Two flavonoids i.e. quercetin and quercetin-3-arbinoside which were found in the ethanolic leaf extract of P.guajava was selected as lead molecules for current investigation. So, in current study an attempt had been made to elucidate the proposed anti-diarrheal mechanism of the action of selected lead compound (flavonoids) against muscarinic-M3 receptor by in-silico molecular docking. The result of molecular docking showing binding energy-5.81 &-4.32 kcal/mol for quercetin and quercetin-3-arbinoside respectively.
Background: The decline in kidney function experienced by people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who are chronically ill is known as diabetic nephropathy (DN) or diabetic kidney disease. The condition is known to progress in a number of stages and is related to blood pressure and glycemic management. Nevertheless, despite strict blood sugar management, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic patients has not decreased over the past 20 years, which has led to the discovery of new risk factors for the illness's development. The medical characteristics of the Paper Flower, Bougainvillea spectabilis, include anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-inflammtory, anti-hyperlipidemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiulcer capabilities. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, phytobannins, quinones, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids are examples of phytoconstituents that have been claimed to have medicinal characteristics. Method: In the current study, a molecular docking technique was used to try and identify mTORC1protein inhibitors. A grid-based docking strategy was used to determine the binding using the Auto Dock software. Merck Molecular Force Field was used to build the 2D structures of compounds, convert them to 3D, and then energetically reduce them up to arms gradient of 0.01. (MMFF). Result: The molecular docking of Ferulic acid & Gallic acid with mTORC1 protein showed binding energy (Kcal/mol)-5.37 &-4.56 respectively. Conclusion: Theoretically, all the ligand molecules have shown encouraging docking score. The docking result of ferulic acid revealed that their docking scores was-5.37 kcal mol-1 , and it can be predicted as good inhibitor of mTORC1 protein and thereby prevents dysregulation of intracellular protein synthesis and the metabolic balance along with decreasing oxidative stress on the kidney.
Objectives: The objective of present study was to develop chitosan-based sustained release Levofloxacin microspheres to reduce the dosing frequency. Materials and Methods: The Levofloxacin -loaded microspheres were prepared by emulsification cross-linking method using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Accurately weighed quantity of Chitosan was dissolved in 1% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid. Results: The percentage yield of the emulsification cross-linking method was determined to be between 74 and 81.5 percent, and the spherical microspheres had particle sizes ranging from 2 m to 200 m. According to the in vitro dissolution analysis of the improved formulation (F2) (table 7.8), when the medication was enclosed in Chitosan microspheres, 95 percent of the formulation was released after 12 hours, demonstrating that the drug is released from the formulation in a controlled way. Conclusions: The percentage of entrapment effectiveness, particle size, and percentage of drug release were significantly impacted by the drug: polymer ratio and GA volume. According to research using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microspheres were round and had a smooth surface. Nicorandil-loaded chitosan microsphere formulations released their drugs via fickian diffusion.
Background:Molecular evidence for tuberculosis (TB), one of the oldest human diseases, dates back more than 17,000 years. Despite improvements in identification and treatment, TB is remains one of the top 10 infectious diseases that kill people globally, second only to HIV. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is a global pandemic. For people with HIV, it is the major cause of death. In India, the fight against TB has largely been divided into three historical periods: the early period, before the development of x-ray and chemotherapy; the post-independence era, when national TB control programmes were started and put into place; and the present period, when an ongoing WHO-assisted TB control programme is in place. Method:In the current study, a molecular docking technique was used to try and identify enoyl ACP reductase (InhA) protein inhibitors. A grid-based docking strategy was used to determine the binding using the Auto Dock software. Merck Molecular Force Field was used to build the 2D structures of compounds, convert them to 3D, and then energetically reduce them up to arms gradient of 0.01. (MMFF). Result: The molecular docking of baicalein, pectolinarin, myricetin, and hispidulin with enoyl ACP reductase (InhA) showed binding energy (Kcal/mol)-6.31,-6.12,-5.95 &-7.06 respectively. Conclusion: Thefinal results of the existing research found out that the chosen molecule highlybounded with InhA thereby inhibiting the mycobacterial cell wall synthesis.
Mucoadhesion is a state in which two components, one of which is of biological origin, are held together for extended periods of time with the assistance of interfacial forces. This state can be characterized as mucoadhesion. The buccal mucosa has excellent accessibility and is rather immobile, making it suited for the administration of retentive dosage forms. Comparatively speaking, the other transmucosal routes do not possess these characteristics. From a theoretical vantage point, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of the work that has been done in the subject of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems, abbreviated MBDDS. This article begins with a brief introduction of the mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, oral mucosa, and the theories of mucoadhesion. It then proceeds to detail the works that have been done so far in the field of MBDDS, categorizing them depending on what they are intended to treat. In addition, we concentrate on the numerous patents, recent advancements, and obstacles in the field, as well as the opportunities that exist for mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems.
... In order to increase the appropriateness, the quality and the standardization of the extraction methods as well as the of methods which may serve as control measures has to be followed to put reliability and reproducibility to the foreground when conducting the research [49]. Moreover, such studies require that proof-of-concept findings be translated to the clinical setting, a transition that would require overcoming substantial logistical and regulatory hurdles [50]. ...
... Watermelon, scientifically known as Citrullus lanatrus, is a fruit of significant economic value. It is considered the second biggest fruit crop in the world, with a worldwide output of over 103 million tons (Gupta et al., 2023). Approximately 25% of the watermelon peel, which makes up a significant portion of the fruit, is often disposed of or tossed into the environment. ...
... In severe cases, pork tapeworm or fluke infections can invade the central nervous system, leading to a condition called neurocysticercosis, which can be treated with medications like albendazole and praziquantel. Helminth infections can lead to various health complications, including iron-deficiency anemia, seizures, portal hypertension (High blood pressure in the portal vein), and chronic diarrhea [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . These complications contribute to high rates of morbidity (Illness) and mortality (Death). ...
