G. Paprocka’s research while affiliated with National Veterinary Research Institute and other places

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. This virus appears to have evolved from human coxsackievirus B5. Pigs infected with this virus show almost identical clinical signs to foot-and-mouth disease in pigs. Vesicular diseases must be differentiated with laboratory tests. The purpose of the study was to apply the isolation test in cell culture and RT-PCR assay for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus in the epithelial and fecal samples. Out of a total of 11 examined samples, 10 were found positive using these methods. The antigen ELISA was used for the confirmation of specificity of isolation assay. Primary piglet kidney cells and certain IB-RS-2 cells were a sensitive cell culture system for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus, whereas secondary lamb kidney cells not.

Primary bovine thyroid cell cultures and IB-RS-2 continuous cell line were used for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolation. In both cell culture systems, all tested samples gave positive results and the specificity of isolated virus was confirmed by the Ag-ELISA. Results of virus isolation test agreed with those obtained by RT-PCR and rRT-PCR, which enabled detection of the genetic material of FMDV. This indicates a high and comparable sensitivity of the applied diagnostic assays, which permit a reliable detection of FMDV in biological material.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus, exists in the form of seven different serotypes: O, A, C, Asia 1 and SAT 1-3. Infection with one serotype does not confer immunity against another. Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the greatest threats to animal health in European countries. The rapid and accurate detection of FMDV is of the utmost importance.The RT-PCR assay was used to detect the presence of FMDV in samples. Positive results of the RT-PCR assay were found in all samples and in the positive control, the negative control reacted negatively. No cyto-athic effects in primary bovine thyroid cells were observed in 2 samples that had been thawed several times.The reference strains of FMDV was used to determine the sensitivity of the test. The sensitivity of RT-PCR for detection of FMDV (serotype O, A) was 1 TCID50and 10 TCID50 (serotype C, Asia 1) by gel electrophoresis.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. FMDV enters cells via the mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis in which the low pH of the endosomal compartment triggers uncoating of the viral genome. FMDV enters cells by attaching itself to cellular receptor molecules of the integrin family. For FMDV the receptor has been identified as the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) binding integrin. The integrin-binding RGD is located in the G-H loop of VP1 and it is highly conserved among all seven serotypes. The FMDV genome organization is similar to that of other picornaviruses. The genome is composed of three parts, the 5′ non-translated region (5′NTR), the coding region and the 3′ non-translated region (3′NTR) containing a heteropolymeric segment and poly(A) tail, which is required for viral replication. The 5'NTR plays important roles in cap-independent translation initiation of the viral polyprotein and in viral genome replication. After translation, the polyprotein is cleaved into four primary cleavage products: the amino terminal L protease; P1-2A, the precursor of the capsid proteins; 2BC and P3 which are cleaved into nonstructural proteins.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most contagious disease of mammals and has great potential for causing severe economic losses in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. FMD is caused by a virus of the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. Serological tests in laboratories have identified seven different serotypes as O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1. FMD is diagnosed by the virus isolation or demonstration of FMD viral antigen or nucleic acid in samples of biological specimens. The purpose of the study was to apply the isolation test in cell culture and a RT-PCR assay for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in biological materials. Out of the total of 14 examined samples, 6 (42.8%) were found positive using these methods. The antigen ELISA was used for the confirmation of specificity of the isolation assay. Primary bovine thyroid cells were found the most sensitive cell culture system for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus, followed by secondary lamb kidney and certain IB-RS-2 cells.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals of the Artiodactyla order. The disease is characterized by fever, lameness and vesicular lesions on the tongue, feet, snout and teats. It is generally accepted that primary infection of ruminants usually occurs by the respiratory route, whereas pigs are usually infected by the oral route. Pigs are much less susceptible to aerosol infection than cattle, yet they excrete far more aerosolized virus than cattle or sheep. In addition, cattle, sheep, and goats can become carriers. The virus elicits a rapid humoral response in either infected or vaccinated animals Virus-specific antibodies protect animals in a serotype-specific manner against reinfection, or against infection in the case of vaccination. Protection is correlated with a high levels of neutralizing antibodies. The role of cellular immunity in the protection of animals from FMD is still a matter of some controversy.

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) belongs to the family of Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus. The virus exists in the form of seven different serotypes: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and multiple subtypes reflecting significant genetic variability. The FMDV genome organization is similar to that of other picornaviruses. The determination of FMDV nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis is the definitive technique for characterizing individual isolates of the virus. The paper presents information regarding genetic studies of FMDVs originating from different parts of the world.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important animal pathogen that belongs to the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family and infects cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals. Seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) have been identified serologically, and multiple subtypes occur within each serotype. FMDV enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. By electron microscopy the FMD virion appears to be a round particle with a smooth surface and a diameter of about 25 nm. The FMD viral particle contains a positive-strand RNA genome of about 8500 nucleotides, enclosed within a protein capsid. The virus capsid is made up from 60 copies each of four virus-encoded proteins VP1 to VP4. The FMDV genome is composed of the 5' non-translated region (5'NTR), the coding region, and the 3' non-translated region (3'NTR). The genome encodes a single polyprotein, from which the different viral polypeptides are derived by viral proteases. FMDV populations are genetically and anti-genetically heterogeneous. FMDV have very high mutation rates.

The review presents a short description of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) - a highly contagious disease and important from the economic point of view. It describes the clinical symptoms of FMD and the present global FMD situation as well as control measures. In addition it describes the latest fast diagnostic assays.

The aim of this study was genetic characteristics of serotype O of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates, selected from the national collection and originating from the FMD outbreaks, which were reported in Poland in 1959-67. The nucleotide sequences of the region coding for VP1 protein, obtained by amplification and sequencing, were analysed. The genetic similarity of most local isolates indicates a common source of their origin. The comparison of the sequences of local isolates with those available from data bank demonstrates lack of their closer relationship, except one isolate, which is related to the 01Campos/Brazil/71.