G Gallus’s research while affiliated with University of Milan and other places

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Publications (37)


Pravastatin and blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic patients
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April 2004

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3 Reads

Atherosclerosis Supplements

P. Rubba

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S. Panico

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M. Bond

Figure 2-Age-and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes (A) and IGR (B) for all studies combined. DMF: Diabetes determined by FPG 7.0 mmol/l and 2hPG 11.1 mmol/l; DMP: Diabetes determined by 2hPG 11.1 mmol/l and FPG 7.0 mmol/l; DMF&DMP: Diabetes determined by FPG 7.0 mmol/l and 2hPG 11.1 mmol/l; Isolated IFG: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/l and 2hPG 7.8 mmol/l; Isolated IGT: 2hPG 7.8-11.0 mmol/l and FPG 6.1 mmol/l; IFG&IGT: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/l and 2hPG 7.8-11.0 mmol/l. *P 0.05, **P 0.01, ***P 0.001, for the difference in the total prevalence between men and women. 
Figure 2 of 2
Age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 13 European cohortsThe DECODE Study GroupDiabetes Care200326616910.2337/diacare.26.1.6112502659
  • Article
  • Full-text available

January 2003

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161 Reads

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302 Citations

Diabetes Care

OBJECTIVE - To report the age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) according to the revised 1999 World Health Organization criteria for diabetes in Europe. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - A total of 13 studies from nine European countries with 7,680 men and 9,251 women aged 30-89 years were included in the data analysis. RESULTS - in most of the Study populations, the age-specific prevalences of diabetes were <10% in subjects younger than 60 years and between 10 and 20% at 60-79 years of age. Mean 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) concentration increased linearly with age, but fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration did not. The increase in the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and IGR in the elderly was mainly a result of the large increase in 2hPG rather than FPG. Diabetes and impaired fasting glycemia defined by isolated fasting hyperglycemia was more common in men than in women 30-69 years of age, whereas the prevalence of isolated postload hyperglycemia, particularly impaired glucose tolerance, was higher in women than in men, especially in the elderly (individuals >70 years of age). More than half of the diabetes was undiagnosed in subjects younger than 50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS - Most European populations have a moderate to low prevalence of diabetes and IGR. Diabetes and IGR will be underestimated in Europe, particularly in women and in elderly men, if diagnoses are based on fasting glucose determination alone.

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Age, body mass index and glucose tolerance in 11 European population-based surveys

July 2002

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29 Reads

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18 Citations

Diabetic Medicine

Aims: To describe the variation in the estimated prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) within Europe in relation to age and body mass index (BMI). Methods: Cross-sectional data from European population-based studies with both fasting and 2-h glucose after a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were included (9449 men, 7752 women). Results: There was a large variation in the estimated prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation among 11 European centres, ranging from 2% to 24% for diabetes and 5% to 43% for IGR. In cross-sectional analysis the estimated prevalence of diabetes and IGR increased with age and BMI. The impact of age did not differ between centres with similar age range, and the impact of BMI was similar in most centres. Conclusions: Differences in age and BMI within Europe partly explained the variation in estimates of the IGR and diabetes prevalence. The impact of age and BMI did not differ between centres. Variations in prevalence must therefore be due to other factors that we could not adjust for, such as methodology, differences in diet, physical activity and genetic predisposition.



Multicentric study on the frequency of obesity in school-age children in Italy

January 2000

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17 Reads

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7 Citations

Rivista Italiana di Pediatria

Objective: To estimate the frequency of obesity and overweight in various Italian regions in comparison to previous studies. Methods: We have collected the anthropometric data of 7291 children attending the second class of the primary school and the first class of the secondary school in 13 Italian cities (9 regions) during 1991/1992. We have used Relative Body Weight (RBW = real weight/ideal weight * 100) as definition of ponderal excess defining overweight the subjects with RBW comprised between 120% and 140% (Group A), and obese those with RBW > 140% (Group B). Results: The frequencies of overweight (Group A) and obesity (Group B) turned out to be respectively of 16.5% and 6.9% in males and of 12.7% and 3.6% in females both showing a significant trend with age. The frequencies of the subjects with RBW > 120% and with RBW > 140%, meaningfully turned out to be higher in southern Italy than in northern centers (respective 26.1% vs. 16.5% and 8.0% vs. 3.7%). Conclusions: Our study has confirmed the increased frequency of overweight and obesity as it is currently observed in many developed countries. The importance of such phenomenon on the state of health of the population will have to be investigated by means of further epidemiological studies.


Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria

August 1999

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50 Reads

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569 Citations

The Lancet

Background The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommend that fasting glucose alone with the oral glucose tolerance test should be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. We assessed mortality associated with the ADA fasting-glucose criteria compared with the WHO 2 h post-challenge glucose criteria. Methods We assessed baseline data on glucose concentrations at fasting and 2 h after the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test from 13 prospective European cohort studies, which included 18 048 men and 7316 women aged 30 years or older. Mean follow-up was 7.3 years. We assessed the risk of death according to the different diagnostic glucose categories. Findings Compared with men who had normal fasting glucose (<6.1 mmol/L), men with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus by the ADA fasting criteria(greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/L) had a hazard ratio for death of 1.81 (95% Cl 1.49-2.20); for women the hazard ratio was 1.79 (1.18-2.69). For impaired fasting glucose (6.1-6.9 mmol/L), the hazard ratios were 1.21 (1.05-1.41) and 1.08 (0.70-1.66). For the WHO criteria (greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L), the ratios for newly diagnosed diabetes were 2.02 (1.66-2.46) in men and 2.77 (1.96-3.92) in women, and for impaired glucose tolerance (7.8-11.1 mmol/L) were 1.51 (1.32-1.72) and 1.60 (1.22-2.10). Within each fasting-glucose classification, mortality increased with increasing 2 h glucose. However, for 2 h glucose classifications of impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes, there was no trend for increasing fasting glucose concentrations. Interpretation Fasting-glucose concentrations alone do not identify individuals at increased risk of death associated with hyperglycaemia. The oral glucose tolerance test provides additional prognostic information and enables detection of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, who have the greatest attributable risk of death.


Fig. 1. Study profile and distribution of autoantibodies 
Low prevalence of islet autoimmunity in adult diabetes and low predictive value of autoantibodies in the general adult population of northern Italy

August 1999

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58 Reads

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52 Citations

Diabetologia

To assess the prevalence of islet autoimmunity in adult-onset diabetes mellitus and the predictive value of islet autoantibodies in the general adult population of northern Italy. A sample of 2076 people aged 40 years or more participating in the population-based Cremona Study and classified in 1990 as having diabetes mellitus, impaired and normal glucose tolerance according to WHO criteria after an oral glucose tolerance test, were tested for antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase and IA-2. Increased concentrations of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were found in 4 (2.8 %) of 143 participants with known diabetes and none of 50 with previously unknown diabetes, 1 (0.65%) of 153 with impaired and 18 (1.0%) of 1718 with normal glucose tolerance. The increased prevalence of these antibodies in subjects with known diabetes was not statistically significant. Protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2-antibodies were found in only four subjects, two of whom also had glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, all with normal glucose tolerance. After 8 years of follow-up, none of 21 non-diabetic subjects with either glutamic acid decarboxylase or IA-2-antibodies had developed diabetes and only a slight deterioration from normal to impaired fasting glucose was observed in 3 of 15 subjects with previous normal glucose tolerance. This study has shown that in northern Italy the prevalence of adult autoimmune diabetes in the general adult population is 0.19% (95 % CI 0.05-0.5); that autoimmune diabetes represents only a minority of all cases of adult diabetes; and that islet autoantibodies are not a high-risk factor for diabetes development in adults with normal glucose tolerance over 8 years of follow-up.



Factors related to glycemic control in IDDM and insulin-treated NIDDM patients in current practice. A comparison of care policies. SIEMTIC Group. Studio Italiano Epidemiologico Multicentrico su Terapia Insulin e Controllo Metabolico

December 1997

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4 Reads

Diabetes Care

To evaluate, under routine conditions, the relation between different diabetes care policies and glycemic control through a by-center analysis procedure aimed at reducing some drawbacks of cross-sectional data. A survey on insulin-treated diabetes care management (IDDM and NIDDM) involved 16 Italian randomly selected diabetes outpatient clinics. A total of 2,142 representative patients were investigated. The standardized HbA1c average value of each center was related, by regression models, to some indicators of center care policy (average number of injections, average BMI, proportion of cases with recent fundus oculi examinations, or frequent visits) as well as to patients' average social levels (employment type). Homogeneity in patient admission criteria is assumed among the investigated centers as a basic condition for the procedure validity. Some known imbalance were controlled for both design and analysis. HbA1c showed a univariate inverse relation with daily number of injections in IDDM (P = 0.0009, r2 = 0.56) but not in NIDDM (P = 0.33). It was inversely related to both fundus examination (IDDM P = 0.04; NIDDM P = 0.099) and qualified employment (IDDM P = 0.06; NIDDM P = 0.026). A stepwise regression analysis left in the model insulin injections (P = 0.0002) in IDDM (total r2 = 0.68) and qualified employment (P = 0.016) and fundus examination (P = 0.14) in NIDDM (total r2 = 0.53), after controlling for age, sex, disease duration, insulin therapy starting delay, and insulin dose per kilogram. These results suggest that the confirmed benefits of a multiple-injection regimen in IDDM cannot be simply extrapolated to NIDDM, where patients' awareness and medical attention to complications proved to be the most important factors in current practice.



Citations (27)


... Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) has become the safest and most popular refractive procedure, but SIOH occurs with high and unusual frequency. Several investigations showed an increased risk of ocular hypertension associated with topical steroid treatment after PRK, depending on differences between glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, clobethasone, fluorometholone), and ranging from 3 up to 30% (15,17,(23)(24)(25)(26). To date, the most common way to treat ocular hypertension after PRK is to suspend steroids and administer β-blockers (27). ...

Reference:

A Randomized, Comparative Open-Label Study on the Efficacy of Latanoprost and Timolol in Steroid Induced Ocular Hypertension after Photorefractive Keratectomy
Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy in myopia. Second report from the Italian Multicenter Study Group
  • Citing Article
  • January 1992

... Statins have been shown to reduce BP in several studies, 14 but when combined with a BP-reducing agent, BP was not reduced with statins. 15 It is probable that the BP reduction effect of statins is masked when given with BP-reducing medications like amlodipine. ...

Long-term statin administration and ambulatory blood pressure in the mild hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic patients of the PHYLLIS study
  • Citing Conference Paper
  • June 2002

Journal of Hypertension

... It is possible that regression is greater when a smaller diameter is used. Sher et alP reported encouraging results for errors of up to -14-5 dioptres using beam diameter up to 6-0 mm and a cut depth as great as 230 lim; other studies in which regression has been a problem have used 3 5 to 4-8 mm discs.5 9 91 Seiler et al have claimed that undercorrection can be treated and scars removed by reablation after 6 months with a low incidence of recurrence, although their figure (1-8%) for scarring after PRK was already remarkably low.83 However, early repeat PRK (3 months post PRK) induced exaggerated response and opacification in monkeys.92 ...

Excimer laser Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK): First report from the Italian study group
  • Citing Article
  • January 1991

... The study will evaluate the efficacy of fosinopril or hydrochlorothiazide, with or without the addition of the lipid-lowering drug pravastatin, on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis, assessed by Bmode ultrasound imaging in hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients. 20 The primary objectives of the study are to determine whether fosinopril is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide, whether pravastatin is more effective than a lipid-lowering diet, and whether combined antihypertensive treatment with fosinopril and lipid-lowering treatment with pravastatin is more effective than the other treatment regimens in slowing the progression of carotid artery atherosclerosis. ...

Plaque Hypertension Lipid-Lowering Italian Study (PHYLLIS): A protocol for non-invasive evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic hypertensive subjects
  • Citing Article
  • December 1993

Journal of Hypertension

... In respect to biological sex, it is well known that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in men than in women especially in middle-aged populations [17]. Furthermore, studies performing systematic population screening have shown that the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and IGT differs by sex; IGT is more prevalent in women, while IFG e defined according to fasting glucose values e is more prevalent in men [18]. ...

Age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 13 European cohortsThe DECODE Study GroupDiabetes Care200326616910.2337/diacare.26.1.6112502659

Diabetes Care

... A large variation in the prevalence of diabetes among different locations is widely known, both in and outside pregnancy (5,23,24). In the current analysis we have observed an eight-fold difference in the risk of GDM/overt diabetes between centers, but it did not fit the previously reported Atlantic to Mediterranean gradient in prevalence (24). ...

Age, body mass index and glucose tolerance in 11 European population-based surveys
  • Citing Article
  • July 2002

Diabetic Medicine

... Postprandial blood glucose level has been suggested as a risk factor for mortality, independent of fasting blood glucose level. 20 The significant increase in TIR and TITR, along with the decrease in TAR, observed with combination therapy using imeglimin and DPP-4 inhibitors, suggests that this therapeutic approach may improve the prognosis for participants in this study. However, in the present study, TBR increased by 1% after adding imeglimin. ...

Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria
  • Citing Article
  • August 1999

The Lancet

... Gianluca Falcitelli (1) , Giuseppe Armentano (2) , Corrado Pugliesi (3) , Patrizio Tatti (4) , Antonio Cimino (5) Farmeconomia e percorsi terapeutici 2006; 7 (2): 125-134 2 già insorto non sia diagnosticato in quanto asintomatico [2]. Di conseguenza, le stime esistenti sulla prevalenza del diabete di Tipo 2 si riferiscono alla malattia nota. ...

Epidemiology of known diabetes in Lombardy, north Italy
  • Citing Article
  • December 1995

Acta Diabetologica

... CAIUS was a multicenter, parallel group, randomised , placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial on 305 asymptomatic, moderately hypercholesterolemic patients (LDL cholesterol levels between 3.88 and 6.47 mmol/l and triglycerides level B2.82 mmol/l) of both sexes (50% males, 50% females), 45– 65 years, with at least one carotid artery lesion detected by quantitative B-mode ultrasound imaging. The rationale, study design and main results have been previously reported [15] [16]. The primary outcome of the study was the difference between treatment groups, in the slope of progression of carotid artery mean maximum intima-media thickness (MM-IMT), a global summary measure widely used in epidemiological studies and intervention clinical trials. ...

Pravastatin intervention trial on carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia: The CAIUS Study
  • Citing Article
  • June 1995

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

... The worldwide spread of the chronic disease diabetes mellitus, appears to be nowadays in substantial increase, especially in industrialized countries, because of enhanced wealth, the changes in life styles and the progressive ageing of the population. Such increases concerns mainly type 2 diabetes (85-95% of cases), and to a lesser extent type 1 diabetes [1][2][3]. ...

[Epidemiological data on diabetes mellitus in Italy]
  • Citing Article
  • September 1991

Epidemiologia e Prevenzione