G Androutsos's research while affiliated with National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and other places
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Publications (178)
Objectives: During the 18th and 19th centuries, many books about science were published. Constantinos Michael (1751-1816), the first medical historian to write in Greek, contributed to this literature. Born in Kastoria, Greece, Constantinos Michael lived and studied medicine and philosophy in Vienna. His book Dietetics describes how lifestyle and d...
China's winter of 1910-1911 was one of its most difficult. A deadly airborne pneumonic plague, believed to have originated from tarbagan marmots, broke out in October 1910 in a northeastern Chinese province commonly known by the exonym Manchuria. The disease had a near 100 percent mortality rate, affecting mainly the lower socio-economic classes an...
Mateu Joseph Bonaventura Orfila i Rotger was a prominent Spanish chemist and scholar of the 19th century whose experimental work has enormously contributed to the progress of toxicology. Being a pioneer with his research on the effects of toxins and antidotes on live animals, he established basic principles of modern medicine and pharmacology. Orfi...
In ancient Greece, many textbooks were written in order to provide comprehensive, pioneering, and ingenious guides on the philosophy and medical aspects of sexual behaviour. Unfortunately, only fragments of these texts have survived among the treatises from Greek and Roman antiquity. The aim of this study is to examine these texts and understand th...
Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim known as Paracelsus was a German-Swiss homo universalis, or Renaissance man, whose interests included medicine, chemistry and toxicology. Characterized as a rebellious and great reformer of established medicine of his era, Paracelsus preferred observing nature, over studying ancient texts to find appropriate tre...
Drugs with psychedelic, hypnotic, narcotic, analgesic, suppressive, euphoric and stimulating effects were used in various ways during the ancient times. We can classify drug use in ancient times into two main categories. On the one hand, ancient physicians prescribed drugs based on their pharmaceutical-therapeutic actions. On the other hand, people...
Born in an island with huge medical tradition in ancient Greece, Praxagoras of Cos became an esteemed medico-philosopher and surgeon. The evolution made by the Hippocratic School of Medicine further boosted his talent and helped him perform surgical operations, which were believed impossible for his era. Praxagoras introduced an innovative surgical...
Pétrequin was a French surgeon born in the town of Villeurbanne near the city of Lyon. He lived in an era when surgery was evolving towards a more complex and modern specialty. His magnificent career was shared between surgical pathology and history of surgery. His two most significant works were the "Traité d'anatomie médico-chirurgicale et topogr...
Hippocrates and his followers, as well as Pedanius Dioscorides, Pseudo-Galen and Aretaeus of Cappadocia are just a few of the many ancient Greek physicians who have used the plant mandrake. Its narcotic properties were not limited to palliate pain during surgery, but they have been also used to treat pulmonary, neurological and mental diseases. Mor...
The concept of psychosomatic disorders, as defined by modern medicine, was difficult to be perceived by the ancient Greek physicians. Two main reasons contributed to this. One was that physicians in Greek antiquity had formed the idea that the mental illnesses that were recognized at that time, namely mania, melancholy, frenzy, caros, lethargy, apo...
Louis Hubert Farabeuf (1841-1910) was a reformer of the study of topographical, clinical and surgical anatomy during the 19th century. He was a reputable professor of anatomy and many anatomical terms, clinical signs and surgical instruments bear his name.
Homosexuality and pedophilia in ancient Greece greatly concerned many researchers who were mainly interested in highlighting the social aspect of this phenomenon in ancient Greek society. An important source on the subject was the paintings of a man and his lover in attic black and red figured pottery, up to the end of the 5th century BC. Another m...
André Levret (1703-1780) was a distinguished obstetrician and surgeon who gained reputation in obstetrics by improving several medical instruments for assisting delivery and introducing a manipulation for breech delivery used in practice till nowadays, known also as "Mauriceau-Levret manoeuvre". Moreover, he proposed a new surgical approach for the...
Giovanni Battista Della Porta (1535?-1615) was a polymath who dealt with many scientific fields. Among his studies very important are those concerning optics and the physiology of vision. Due to his interest in optics it was inevitable to deal also with ocular anatomy. His anatomical description of the eye gives us a lot of information about the de...
There has been a great controversy whether the terracotta figurines representing figures with the characteristics of disease found in Smyrna and dated at the Hellenistic period were used as models of clinical anatomy in the nearby famous in the antiquity medical school or were grotesque representations. In order to answer this problem we propose th...
The peculiar style of Dominikos Theotokopoulos' paintings of his last period, with the special characteristic of the elongated human figures, has raised a heated debate which has lasted more than a century. Many scholars tried to identify an ocular pathology and especially astigmatism in this painter in order to interpret his style, and also other...
Herophilus of Chalcedon (ca. 330-250 BC) was considered as one of the most important figures of anatomy during the antiquity. Apart from his other works in anatomy very important are also his observations in ocular anatomy. He discovered first the optic nerve and described four tunics in the eye.
Dreams preoccupied the Greek and Roman world in antiquity, therefore they had a prominent role in social, philosophical, religious, historical and political life of those times. They were considered as omens and prophetic signs of future events in private and public life, and that was particularly accentuated when elements of actions which took pla...
The composer Frédéric Chopin had a poor health throughout his short life. All the evidence agrees that Chopin suffered from tuberculosis. His illness resulted in general signs of impairment, fatigue, emaciation, and recurrent bronchitis. He died on October 17, 1849 leaving behind him a major musical work.
Arab physicians demonstrated exceptional skill in surgery using the instruments introduced by ancient Greeks and Greco-Roman surgeons. In many cases they have manufactured their own innovative instruments succeeding the performance of difficult operations. Arab surgical instruments and their boxes were also decorated with fine designs, sign of art...
Daniel Mollière, was a French anatomist and surgeon, born in Lyon, who succeeded in his short life in making his mark in surgery. He was a prolific writer who left a series of medical treatises and a committed surgeon who was responsible for various significant innovative apparatuses in the medical sper. As he lived in an era when the role of micro...
In the ophthalmological treatises of the medieval Arabo-islamic physicians such as al-Mawsili (9th - 10th century), al-Kahhal (ca. 940-1010), Haly Abbas (10th century) and al Sadili (14th century) we may find references about ocular cancer, focusing on eyelid tumors and cancerous ulcers of the cornea. These references are similar to the analogous o...
Ancient Greek physicians recognized the symptoms of enteritis in children, proposed a therapeutic approach and pointed out the importance of nutrition. Hippocrates and Soranus of Ephesus and Aretaeus of Cappadocia dealt with the disease and described its symptoms and its seasonal appearance.
The ancient Greek physicians have not failed in their studies to indicate the beneficial role of sexual activity in human health. They acknowledged that sex helps to maintain mental balance. Very interesting is their observation that sex may help mental patients to recover. Nevertheless they stressed emphatically that sex is beneficial only when th...
In this article, we present the views on uterine cancer of the ancient Greek physicians. We emphasize on uterine's cancer aetiology according to the dominant in antiquity humoural theory, on its surgical treatment suggested by Soranus of Ephesus, and in the vivid description provided by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. During that period, uterine cancer was...
In Hippocratic Corpus we may find fragments mentioning hydrotherapy as a remedy for several diseases. During the 18th century the English physicians John Floyer and James Currie proved the efficacy of hydrotherapy inaugurating a new era. In early 20th century, the Greek physician Angeliki Panagiotatou, strongly supported hydrotherapy, publishing se...
Byzantine medical writings lack significant references on pediatrics compared to other medical subjects. However, some Byzantine physicians developed important pediatric skills. In our article, we present three characteristic examples of Byzantine physicians which dealt effectively with pediatric disorders. Symeon Seth (c. 11th century) was among t...
Ocular and orbital wall cancers were recognized by the physicians of the antiquity as incurable, lethal, and non-operable malignant entities. Paul of Aegina (7(th)c AD) was the first to refer to this type of cancer and proposed only some palliative measures, while the same approach was also preserved by Theophanes Nonnus (10(th)c AD). However, two...
The eminent dermatologist Louis Brocq rejuvenated the old notions in dermatology relating them in modern concepts. Realizing the first decentralization of dermatology at the Broca Hospital in Paris, he paved the way for many of his successors. In addition, he organized the first post-graduate course of Dermatology and syphilology, created the actua...
2015;50(3): 430-432
The theme of suicide appears several times in ancient Greek literature. However, each such reference acquires special significance depending on the field from which it originates. Most of the information found in mythology, but the suicide in a mythological tale, although in terms of motivation and mental situation of heroes may be in imitation of...
Spine Surgery began its evolution in the beginning of the 19th century in order to reach nowadays the point of being considered an important subspecialty of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedics. The purpose of this historical review is the search and evaluation of the progress in spine surgery until the middle of the 20th century. This review concerns the...
For more than 100 years, the germ theory of cancer, proposing that microorganisms were at the origin of the disease, dominated medicine. Several eminent scientists like Etienne Burnet, Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin, Charles-Louis Malassez, and Francis-Peyton Rous argued on the pathogenesis presenting their theories that implicated cocci, fungi and pa...
The paper presents the Greek participation in two Aviation Hygienic Conventions (Hague 1933 and Council of Europe 1962) for the control of the imported infectious diseases at the European airports. During Interwar serious infectious diseases as smallpox, plague, the Asiatic cholera, yellow fever and typhus, employing health services around the worl...
Votive offerings to the healing gods were a common religious custom for the ill believers to achieve the expected cure. The dedication of votive offerings began in Prehistoric Crete and continued during the Classical Period, mainly connected with the god Asclepius. Most offerings presented healthy members, while in some rare cases a disease had bee...
In 1872, the Hungarian born dermatologist Moriz Kaposi that was practicing in Vienna first described a rare endemic disease that bears his name, among elderly persons of Central European or Mediterranean origin named "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin". Ten years later the Italian dermatologist Tommaso de Amicis confirms Kaposi's fi...
For centuries, heat has been used in various ways for the cure of mental diseases. Hippocrates noted that malarial fever could have a calming effect in epileptics. Centuries later, Galen described a case of melancholy cured as a result of an attack of quartan fever. In 19th century, the eminent French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel, in his treatise on...
Spine Surgery began its evolution in
the beginning of the 19th century in order to reach
nowadays the point of being considered an important
subspecialty of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedics. The
purpose of this historical review is the search and
evaluation of the progress in spine surgery until the
2nd World War. This review concerns the inauguration...
In our article we present the work on uterine cancer of the distinguished physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Uterine cancer was known since antiquity and its presence is testified in ancient Egyptian and Greek medical writings. However in the 2nd century AD Aretaeus provided the first accurate description of uterine cancer, dividing it in two forms,...
Bertrand Bécane, Professor of surgery in Toulouse Medical School, is considered an eminent precursor of oncology, influencing the 18th century medicine with his syphilitic theory of cancer.
Our article presents the work of Greek physician Emmanuel Mandalakis in the development of hydrotherapy and climato therapy in Greece during the 20th century. Mandalakis reveals the curative virtues and physico-chemical and biological properties of Greek thermal springs, offers a variety of treatment methods and provides important epidemiological i...
At the beginning of the 20th century, Professor Jean-Louis Faure, one of the leading surgeons of the innovative Parisian Medical School, published an exhaustive work on uterine cancer. He was the first to perform in France the procedure of total abdominal hysterectomy by median section of the uterus contributing to the evolution of cancer surgery.
Studying the suicide in the Byzantine Empire is difficult due to the limited number of references to it. Their number is greater in the early years of the Empire, mainly because of the persecution of Christians and gradually decreases. The attitude of the Church also gradually hardens, as well as the law. The law was strictly followed to the West,...
The history of the radiological research of vessels starts in 1896. Over the years, the advances in medical science and technology have contributed significantly to the development of angiography and its applications in the urinary system.
Among the ethnic mutilations (volunteer mutilations performed for religious, aesthetic, moral or hygienic purposes), genital mutilation (circumcision, castration, total emasculation, infibulation, excision, etc.) have always fascinated the human mind and are the subject of our historical overview.
In 17th century France, the practice of obstetrics passed from female midwives to medical men called accoucheurs. François Mauriceau, a prominent French obstetrician of the 17th century urged the need of an organised obstetrical education, emphasising anatomy. He invented the semi-recumbent or 'French' birthing position, the 'tire-tête' forceps, th...
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, expressed some very interesting ideas on dentistry. His remarks on paediatric dentistry and orthodontics are quite impressive and influenced its practice in ancient Greece. Here we examine his writings in order to find the most important dental references.
Aretaeus of Cappadocia composed a vivid description of diphtheria, noting the symptoms, complications, as well as the remedies to cure it. He was the medical author who used the terms eschara and diphtheres which are still in use by modern physicians, and the first who recognized the croup. His alum remedy has stood the test of time and is nowadays...
Hermann Boerhaave, physician, philosopher, theologian, expert in botany, mathematician and chemist is considered as the founder of clinical medicine and of the modern academic hospital. Among his contributions in medicine, he was the first to describe the "spontaneous rupture of esophagus", a syndrome that bears his name.
In the 17th century, iatromechanists based to the solidist theory for the lymphatic system and lymph established a new speculation for the essential role of lymph in oncogenesis, while animists gave their own views in relation to the cause of cancer. Gradually, with the rise of pathological anatomy, new more rational theories have emerged.
Joseph Gensoul is considered an important figure of the 19th century Lyonnais Medical School. His contribution to maxillofacial surgery and his legendary abilities secured him a place in the history of Medicine.
Baron Guillaume Dupuytren is considered to be a leading figure of surgery. Domineering and unforgiving to those who were an obstacle in his career, he was unrivalled as a teacher and respected as an excellent surgeon. Regarded as the greatest surgeon of the 19th century, he introduced the anatomo-clinical method in surgery.
Ambroise Paré is considered the father of modern surgery. Starting his career as a barber surgeon, he was appointed personal physician to four Kings of France. He was also an inventive technician, and became a pioneer in wound treating and healing, fracture and dislocation reductions together with the use of casting and splinting.
Louis-René Villermé's work and research have ranked him among the most important figures in the history of occupational medicine.
The aims of this article were to objectively record the influence and the impact of Villermé's life and work on the establishment of occupational medicine.
A thorough analysis of scientific and historical literature on t...
Τhe 30.1 Aristotelian problem is the most comprehensive and organized analysis of the phenomenon of melancholy in Aristotelian Corpus. Although, there are serious doubts if this text, as it was survived today, was written by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) or by one of his followers -perhaps Theophrastus (372-287 B.C.)- nevertheless it is widely accepted...
François Boissier de Sauvages was a brilliant professor in Montpellier's Faculty of Medicine. Fervent disciple of animism (vitalism), he was interested in many branches of medicine. More specifically, he excelled in botany and nosology. Being a distinguished taxonomist in the field of pncumology, he was a pioneer with his work on asthma.
Melanoma is a neoplastic disorder produced by malignant transformation of the normal melanocyte, accounting for 4% of all skin malignancies. This malignancy was described since antiquity as a "fatal black tumour". In the 19th century, the distinguished pathologist Sir Robert Carswell coined first the term melanoma, provided its pathological descrip...
Syphilis appeared in Europe at the end of the 15th century. Several designations were used the first years of its outbreak based mainly in national and religious grudges as the evil of Naples, the French disease and the Spanish disease. Thanks to the Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro and the hero of his poem, the shepherd Siphilus, we have the...
The eminent neurologist Clovis Vincent decided to become neurosurgeon at an advanced age. His is considered the founder of French neurosurgery and the Europe's first neurosurgeon. He was mainly interested in pituitary tumors and his work on oncologic neurosurgery remains valuable.
In the Hellenic world, wine had an important place in society. According to ancient Greeks, the wine reflected the joy of life, the well being and the virility by inspiring poetry and lyrics. However alcohol intoxication was severely criticized.
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an exceedingly rare and poorly characterized tumor with an unknown cell of origin. SCCOHT typically occurs in adolescents and young women with a peak incidence in the third decade of life. The initial description of SCCOHT noted a dismal outcome among patients, particularly those with...
Simon-Emmanuel Duplay was a distinguished example of the French clinicopathological school and his researches on cancer inaugurated the modern period in oncology. In his book entitled Les tumeurs, he presents and analyses his research and those of his contemporaries on cancer contagion.
Professor of physiology Charles-Robert Richet, winner of the Nobel Prize in 1913, is best known for his work on anaphylaxis. However, with his collaborator Jules Héricourt studied the effects of antibody treatment and made the very first attempts to fight cancer with serotherapy. Being versatile, Richet contributed in neurology, psychology and was...
Vincent Clovis began his carrier as a neurologist and finally became neurosurgeon at an advanced age. He is considered the founder of French neurosurgery, and after Harvey Williams Cushing, Europe's first neurosurgeon. He was mainly interested in pituitary tumors, in cerebral abscesses and in cerebral oedema.
