Fernando Reinares’s scientific contributions

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Publications (6)


When Terrorist Disengagement Processes Are Consistent with Previous Violent Radicalization: Two Case Studies
  • Article
  • Full-text available

December 2023

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204 Reads

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1 Citation

Fernando Reinares

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Although terrorist disengagement is a dynamic process, this study proposes the likelihood of a continuity in the prevailing factors influencing exit from terrorism and the prevailing dimensions which initially influenced violent radicalization. Through the analysis of two contrasting cases featuring third-generation Muslims formerly involved in jihadist activities in Spain, we assess a connection between the prevailing push and pull factors which sparked individuals to cease their terrorist engagement and the predominant dimensions that earlier prompted the radicalization which led them to terrorist involvement. Drawing from in-depth interviews with the two former jihadists, Hassan and Omar, conducted while they were serving prison sentences for terrorism offences, we suggest that the significance of ideology and network in, respectively, their journeys from Islamic fundamentalism towards jihadism is similarly reflected in their accounts of ending jihadist involvement, even in the presence of secondary factors that also play a role in such a complex process.

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Fuente: elaboración propia de acuerdo con la información recopilada en la BDEYE.
Yihadismo y yihadistas en España. Quince años después del 11-M.

March 2019

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243 Reads

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8 Citations

Transcurridos quince años desde los atentados del 11-M en Madrid, que se prolongaron tres semanas después con un acto de terrorismo suicida en Leganés, desde el Programa sobre Radicalización Violenta y Terrorismo Global (PRVTG) del Real Instituto Elcano ofrecemos a la ciudadanía española, a sus instituciones públicas y a su sociedad civil, este estudio sobre la evolución del yihadismo global y de su inherente amenaza terrorista en nuestro país. Analizamos e interpretamos datos sobre la totalidad de yihadistas condenados o muertos en España entre 2004 y 2018, el año inmediatamente posterior a los atentados del 17-A en Barcelona, cuyo epílogo tuvo lugar a primeras horas del siguiente día en Cambrils. Este libro, que ha sido escrito con las víctimas del terrorismo yihadista y sus familiares en nuestra memoria, y con el cual deseamos contribuir tanto a una mejor concienciación social respecto al fenómeno como a la labor de nuestros servicios policiales y de inteligencia, explora, en su primera parte, distintos aspectos referidos a la mutación de las características sociales propias del yihadismo global en nuestro país; en su segunda parte, fijamos nuestra atención sobre una serie de variables que, a lo largo del tiempo, explican los procesos de radicalización yihadista; la tercera y última parte centra su interés en las diversas pautas observadas en la implicación individual y colectiva en actividades de terrorismo yihadista.


Yihadismo y prisiones: un análisis del caso español

November 2018

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1,400 Reads

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13 Citations

En las prisiones españolas ha habido y hay radicalización yihadista. Sin embargo, su relevancia es menor que en otros ámbitos. Los centros penitenciarios de nuestro país también han sido utilizados como espacios para la articulación de grupos yihadistas. Por otra parte, la experiencia de encarcelamiento en dichos establecimientos no ha impedido ni impide un porcentaje significativo de reincidencia en actividades yihadistas.


Graph 1. Jihadists arrested in Spain between 2013 and 2017, with and without prior criminal records
From Criminals to Terrorists and Back? Quarterly Report 2018 Spain

In the case of Spain, a total of 62 individuals were arrested and brought before the judges of the Audiencia Nacional (National Court) for activities related to jihadist terrorism during 2015. Ten of these (that is, 16.1%) had prior criminal records unrelated to terrorism. For the more limited period covered in this report, that is, the first quarter of 2015, we have analysed 16 cases included in our Elcano Database on Jihadists in Spain (EDBJS). However, only two of them (12.5%) had prior criminal records.


Dos factores que explican la radicalización yihadista en España

August 2017

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2,812 Reads

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10 Citations

El contacto con algún agente de radicalización yihadista y la existencia de vínculos sociales previos con individuos radicalizados explican por qué, dentro de España, hay musulmanes que se adhieren a una versión violenta del salafismo y se implican en actividades terroristas mientras otros no. También permiten comprender por qué existen bolsas de radicalización y reclutamiento yihadista en nuestro país.


Differential Association Explaining Jihadi Radicalization in Spain: A Quantitative Study

June 2017

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1,481 Reads

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18 Citations

Violent radicalization leading to involvement in jihadi terrorism appears to be highly contingent upon two key factors of what has been termed " differential association , " namely contact with radicalizing agents and pre-existing social ties with other radicalized individuals. This empirical study, which examines all those arrested in Spain for jihadi terrorism activities over the four-year period between 2013 and 2016, quantitatively assesses the importance of these two factors and sheds light on why some individuals radicalize while many more with similar demographic and social characteristics, in the same country, do not. The importance of contact with a radicalizing agent points toward the relevance of ideology in the development of jihadi terrorists, while the significance of pre-existing social ties indicates the relevance of communitarian bonds with local networks, which facilitate terrorist radicalization and recruitment.

Citations (5)


... In turn, there exists a lack of knowledge about deradicalization and P/CVE efforts for women. Reinares and Vicente (2023) acknowledge the importance of understanding radicalization pathways to identify deradicalization pathways. ...

Reference:

Radicalization Pathways among Women in U.S. Far-Right Extremist Networks and Implications for Deradicalization
When Terrorist Disengagement Processes Are Consistent with Previous Violent Radicalization: Two Case Studies

... The aim of this approach was to produce a contrasting and structurally relevant selection of cases to capture overarching themes that cut across a maximum variation sample. 39 Such core themes acquire greater significance precisely because they appear in heterogeneity and mirror the similarities and differences between the research subjects. 40 Cases differ in many biographical characteristics, with the only exception of age range. ...

Yihadismo y yihadistas en España. Quince años después del 11-M.

... Los antecedentes por delitos violentos también pueden favorecer la radicalización, puesto que esta alivia el posible cuestionamiento personal (Carou- García, 2019), cobrando relevancia en este sentido las carreras delictivas previas. Además, las personas que posean antecedentes no solo violentos, sino que esa violencia se haya ejercido debido a una ideología extremista (V7), correrán el riesgo de radicalizarse en mayor medida, puesto que en los Centros Penitenciarios se pueden articular algunos grupos yihadistas, creando lazos y estrategias futuras (Reinares et al., 2018). En este sentido, también puede ser importante tener en cuenta la capacidad organizativa y operativa de la persona objeto de seguimiento (V8). ...

Yihadismo y prisiones: un análisis del caso español

... In the context of Spain, literature on jihadist terrorism has focused on the process of radicalization (Jordán, 2009a and2009b;Reinares, García-Calvo & Vicente, 2017;Vicente, 2018) and the use of digital media for this purpose (Fanjul Fernández, 2015;Veres, 2017;Torralba, 2019). Several authors emphasize the role of counter-narrative in a successful, long-lasting battle against radicalizing discourse (Moyano, Bermúdez & Ramírez, 2016;Morillas, 2018). ...

Dos factores que explican la radicalización yihadista en España
  • Citing Article
  • August 2017

... The experiences of exclusion played a primary role. Reinares et al. (2017) reached similar, also spatially related, findings in an analysis of network contacts among IS deportees imprisoned in Spain. There appears to be a positive correlation between the contact structure in a neighbourhood and the likelihood of leaving the country, which also implies radicalization beforehand (Reinares et al., 2017: 33). ...

Differential Association Explaining Jihadi Radicalization in Spain: A Quantitative Study
  • Citing Article
  • June 2017