Fayaz Avhadiev’s research while affiliated with Orel State Agrarian University and other places

Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring the economic and social stability of society, since the production of domestic agricultural products and their provision to the needs of the population creates the basis for food security, jobs, contributes to the development of rural areas and influences the economic growth of the country. The cost and natural indicators of the development of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Tatarstan, its effectiveness show ambiguous trends. Thus, the value of gross agricultural output in the republic for 2018-2023 increased with an annual growth rate of 22.88 billion rubles. However, the natural volumes of crop production are decreasing, while the production of the main types of livestock products, on the contrary, has a growth trend. The level of profitability of crop production is decreasing, while livestock production has increased slightly. In general, the provision of the main agricultural products in the republic remains stably high. But this result is achieved through the use of internal reserves of agricultural enterprises, which can be exhausted, since the existing profitability in the main branches of agriculture does not allow conducting economic activity at the level of self-sufficiency. The socio-economic efficiency of agriculture in the region remains at a fairly low level, which is reflected in a further decrease in the rural population, birth rate and excess of mortality over birth rate in rural areas and, as a consequence, in the aging of the rural population. A way out of this situation may be a change in macroeconomic policy within the country aimed at ensuring the growth of investment in the innovative development of industries of the real sector of the economy.

The strategic task until 2030 for the agro-economic systems of the country and its regions is to increase the average annual growth rate of volumetric indicators of agricultural production to 3%, which is twice as high as the achieved value. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to develop and implement effective mechanisms to smooth out the abrupt growth of production volumes and ensure the sustainable development of agricultural sectors. The development of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Tatarstan shows positive trends in the growth of volumetric indicators of production over the past five years. The volume of gross agricultural output in the region increased with an annual growth rate of 21.62 billion rubles. At the same time, the volume of production growth in the crop and livestock sectors amounted to 11.11 and 10.49 billion rubles, respectively, which demonstrates the uniform development of the two main industries. The growth in volumetric indicators of product production is mainly due to the intensification of production processes, the introduction and development of innovative technologies. Along with this, abnormal weather conditions have a negative impact on the process of sustainable development of agriculture, as evidenced by the results of 2021, when the total production volume was only 80.1% of the previous year’s level, and crop production decreased by 38.7%. The identified trend once again emphasizes the need to search for adaptive methods of farming in accordance with climate change by moving at a more intensive pace to the creation of drought-resistant varieties, the development of moisture-saving technologies and the active implementation of reclamation measures. Livestock farming is developing at a more sustainable pace, although there is a decline in the numbers of certain animal species. However, this process does not affect production volumes due to increased animal productivity. The industry is in the process of gradually replacing low-productive animals with highly productive breeding stock. To transition to sustainable development of agriculture in the republic, it is necessary to continue work on adapting technological processes to climate change, creating and introducing new varieties, developing genetic technologies for animal breeding, using digitalization and robotization of the industry.

In the qualitative improvement and replenishment of the main dairy herd with a productivity of 7000 to 9000 kg of milk by purebred animals, the role of certified breeding farms producing breeding material is great. Data on providing the dairy cattle breeding industry with breeding material (bull semen, breeding stock) show that the cattle breeding industry is largely dependent on import supplies. Thus, the share of imported breeding stock in the domestic market for 2021 in the Russian Federation amounted to 36.3%. An analysis of breeding business development on the example of the Republic showed that 47 certified breeding farms operate on the territory of the Republic. In total, these farms keep a little more than 183 thousand heads of cattle, of which more than 150 thousand heads, or 82%, are identified as breeding. In 2021, the breeding farms of the Republic sold livestock products (milk, offspring) in the amount of 11,693 million rubles. Not all breeding farms perform their main function - the cultivation and sale of breeding stock. So, in 2021, out of 47 breeding farms, 25 did not sell breeding stock, which means that they grow breeding stock only to meet their own needs, and not for sale. The remaining 22 breeding farms had about 2% of the proceeds from the sale of breeding young animals, while, in advanced farms, it reaches 28% of the total cash proceeds of cattle breeding, which shows a low level of raising commercial breeding young animals in the breeding farms of the republic. Of the 43 municipal districts of the republic, in 26 as of 2022, there were no breeding farms, which indicates a low provision of municipal districts of the republic with breeding farms. In these municipal areas, the average productivity of the dairy herd for 2017-2021. amounted to 4857 kg of milk, with an average productivity of cows in the republic of 5521 kg. The exception is the Aktanyshsky municipal district, where the average productivity was 6395 kg. About 60% of breeding farms operate on the territory of 5 municipal districts of the republic, in which the average productivity of cows over 5 years ranged from 7503 kg to over 8618 kg of milk per year. In productivity groups: 7504-8617 and more than 8618 kg per one municipal district there are from 5 to 6 breeding farms in general, i.e. the coefficient of provision with breeding farms, calculated as the ratio of the number of breeding farms to the number of municipal districts in the group, is 5.0-6.5. Regression analysis of the dependence of the productivity of cows on the provision of breeding and farms in municipal areas shows a significant dependence of the productivity of cows in productivity groups, ranging from 4162-5275 kg to the productivity group over 8618 kg, on the provision of their breeding farms. The regression equation constructed for groups of municipal districts with cow productivity over 4162 kg indicates that an increase in the provision of breeding farms in the municipal district leads to an increase in the average annual milk yield by 2641 kg.

Resource supply of sustainable development of agro-economical systems should help to increase the competitiveness of agricultural production in the domestic and world food markets and provide the population of the globe with food on the basis of steady increase of agricultural production growth rates. The analysis of the World Bank database for the period from 2012 to 2021 shows that for ten years the added value in the agrarian sector of the Russian Federation economy has increased by 16%, showing positive dynamics of the average annual growth rate with the value of 1.53%. Comparison with the analogous world average growth rate of 2.97% shows that our agro-economic system lags behind the world by almost two times. The OECD countries are developing with an average annual growth rate of 1.88%, which is also ahead of Russia’s indicators. At the same time, Russia’s agro-economic system is developing 0.26% faster than the countries of the European zone. Over the next eight years the Russian Federation expects to achieve an average annual growth rate of agricultural production of 3%, which is 2.7 times higher than the world average. For this purpose Russian agrarians have significant reserves for sustainable development of the agricultural economic system due to expansion of the areas of the main production resource by means of involving 33.04 million hectares of unused agricultural lands (16.7% of the total area) into circulation which, if successfully developed and the average Russian level of land productivity is reached, will give a 15-16% increase in production. The implementation of the program of technical modernization of agriculture can contribute to the achievement of steady annual growth rates of 1.3-1.8% of the branch production. Along with this the important directions of resource provision are the establishment of fair correlation of prices for agricultural products and industrial goods, fulfillment of financial support of agricultural development program and increasing of export potential of domestic agriculture.

The study was carried out in order to study the level of development of the regional agricultural sector of the economy, identify current problems that hinder the sustainable development of agricultural business entities and substantiate proposals for ensuring its further development. The agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is designed to solve the problems of providing the population with food at affordable prices in the face of severe restrictions and sanctions from unfriendly countries. 450 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations, 3006 peasant farms (peasant farms), 2.5 ... 3 thousand individual entrepreneurs and more than 472.4 thousand personal subsidiary plots of the population are involved in this task. 4.3% of the agricultural products of the Russian Federation and 15.0% of the agricultural products of the Volga Federal District are produced on the territory of the republic. Over the past five years, the pace of development of agricultural business entities has been slowing down faster than the economy of the republic as a whole (the decrease in the average annual rate of economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan is 2.9%, the agricultural sector - 3.1%), which may lead in the future to a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product of the republic from 10 ... 11% to 6 ... 7%. to intensify work on the creation of drought-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, moisture-saving technologies and land reclamation measures. One of the most important tasks is the dissemination of information and digital technologies at all stages of the implementation of technological processes for the production of agricultural products. In animal husbandry, it is required to carry out a gradual replacement of unproductive animals with highly productive breeding stock, to accelerate their breeding. In 2021, agricultural producers participated in 19 digitalization projects in crop production and 145 farms used digital systems in cattle breeding, which contributed to an increase in milk production by 62 thousand tons and additional revenue in the amount of 1.6 billion rubles.

The study was carried out in order to study the level of development of the regional agricultural sector of the economy, identify current problems that hinder the sustainable development of agricultural business entities and substantiate proposals for ensuring its further development. The agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is designed to solve the problems of providing the population with food at affordable prices in the face of severe restrictions and sanctions from unfriendly countries. 450 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations, 3006 peasant farms (peasant farms), 2.5 ... 3 thousand individual entrepreneurs and more than 472.4 thousand personal subsidiary plots of the population are involved in this task. 4.3% of the agricultural products of the Russian Federation and 15.0% of the agricultural products of the Volga Federal District are produced on the territory of the republic. Over the past five years, the pace of development of agricultural business entities has been slowing down faster than the economy of the republic as a whole (the decrease in the average annual rate of economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan is 2.9%, the agricultural sector - 3.1%), which may lead in the future to a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product of the republic from 10 ... 11% to 6 ... 7%. to intensify work on the creation of drought-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, moisture-saving technologies and land reclamation measures. One of the most important tasks is the dissemination of information and digital technologies at all stages of the implementation of technological processes for the production of agricultural products. In animal husbandry, it is required to carry out a gradual replacement of unproductive animals with highly productive breeding stock, to accelerate their breeding. In 2021, agricultural producers participated in 19 digitalization projects in crop production and 145 farms used digital systems in cattle breeding, which contributed to an increase in milk production by 62 thousand tons and additional revenue in the amount of 1.6 billion rubles.

Technical re-equipment in the economic literature involves equipping enterprises with new equipment, the introduction of progressive technologies, modernization and replacement of outdated and physically worn equipment, mechanization and automation of technological processes. Developing this direction, we will expand the theoretical aspects of re-equipment such as the development of equipment and technologies in several stages based on innovations of scientific and technological progress, and the influence of scientific potential in the field of modernization of technology, including the process of digital transformation. The purpose of the study is to analyze and expand the theoretical aspects of technical modernization of agriculture based on the formation of a model of technical modernization of agribusiness. Main research methods: general scientific (analysis of literature on the research problem, generalization, comparison and systematization of empirical and theoretical data) approach. The study widely uses the concepts of modern science of digitalization of the economy. For further improvement of this process, the author's model of technical and technological re-equipment of agriculture in the conditions of transition to the digital economy is proposed, which involves the identification of re-equipment factors (STP, state support, staffing, the state of the technical base), identification of digitalization risks (information security, job cuts, equipment downtime due to lack of Internet), determination of the result (growth of competitiveness, improvement of social infrastructure, increase in production efficiency, improvement of the environmental situation).

Currently, cooperatives in the Republic of Tatarstan cover only less than 2% of collective farms, about 5% of collective farms, less than 1% of household farms. The analysis of regional experience in the development of cooperation in the Republic of Tatarstan showed that the measures taken to develop cooperation in rural areas in the last four years have positive results. The increase of budget support for the last four years allowed to increase the number of operating cooperatives 3,3 times, contributed to the growth of cooperative movement members by 16 times, the growth of monetary gain by 6 times and return of budget support by 1,8 times. At the same time, almost half of the registered cooperatives are not able to establish effective activities. The number of operating cooperatives in municipal districts varies from 0 to 14, which in most cases is connected with the use of administrative resources of local authorities on the external influence of cooperative development on the increase of the number of established cooperatives to the detriment of the implementation of the internal mechanism of cooperative solidarity. In the Republic of Tatarstan there is conducted work on activation of cooperative movement due to the promotion of positive experience of cooperatives and strengthening of measures of state support of small forms of management and cooperative development, the volume of which made 856,2 million rubles in 2021, 905,8 million rubles in 2022. To ensure the effective functioning of agricultural consumer cooperatives it is necessary to provide a cluster format for the organization of agricultural consumer cooperatives on a territorial basis and to transfer production and economic processes to a digital platform, to a digital management system by levels and stages of product promotion with simultaneous training for the use of software developments.

In 2020, exports from Russia amounted to about 79 million tons of agricultural products and food worth $30.7 billion, which is 20$ 45 billion, which indicates export opportunities and its prospects. The drought of the growing season of 2021, together with internal factors, caused a shortfall in crop production in the Republic of Tatarstan in the amount of about 43 billion rubles, and a 48% increase in the cost of grain led to a shortfall in profit in the amount of 3 billion rubles. Unfavorable external economic factors, imperfection of state regulation in terms of organizational and administrative nature, lead to a decrease in production efficiency, which could be observed on the example of the beet industry, manifested in an increase in prices for its final products in 2020. Studies have shown that under the same soil-climatic, economic conditions of management, the efficiency of grain production in the context of municipal districts of the Transcamian zone of the Republic of Tatarstan differed significantly (the average level of profitability for 3 years ranged from 13% to 24%). An analysis of the financial results of agricultural enterprises of the republic for 2015-2020 showed that four out of six years, agricultural producers, excluding subsidies from budgets, had a negative financial result, which necessitates an increase in government measures aimed at compensating for the loss of income to agricultural producers. In order to make more complete use of internal reserves, it is necessary to study and implement the technology and organization of production from commodity producers who, under the same soil and climatic conditions, show a high level of production efficiency. State executive authorities, represented by line ministries and departments, should take measures to stimulate production volumes, strengthen intervention measures in the market of agricultural products, raw materials and food, regulate imports and exports, and ensure price parity measures in agricultural industries

In connection with the introduction of digital technologies, many companies plan to hire new employees with digital competencies, or retrain existing employees in the workplace, or outsource some functions to external contractors, thereby reducing the number of employees who do not have the required competencies. Based on the analysis of the different approaches of the existing educational standards for the four enlarged groups of specialties and areas of training that determine the agricultural profile of agricultural universities, it can be concluded that in many educational standards of higher education institutions there are no competencies for the formation of digital literacy among students (master’s and master’s degrees) in the rest it is only the initial stage of digital literacy. In this regard, the development and implementation of a model for the transformation of agricultural personnel into digital agriculture, based on the principle of continuity, network interaction, social responsibility of business and education, is becoming the most relevant. To solve this problem, to form a modern system of training personnel for agriculture in the digital economy, a model of the cluster-network platform “Advanced training and training of personnel in the conditions of digital transformation of agriculture” has been designed, which will allow adapting the educational potential of programs to specific requirements and the formation of digital competencies; to form an effective system of end-to-end and continuous acquisition of new competencies in the digital economy by bringing together representatives of science, government and business into a single digital space. Thus, this project will allow participants to complement each other to increase the intensity of activities at the digital stage of agribusiness transformation, and industry educational institutions to become centers of regional development