Farzaneh Mehrparvar’s research while affiliated with Islamic Azad University, Karaj and other places

The paper uses the distance and temperature of 47,111 hottest nearby space objects including stars, quasars, white dwarf, and carbon stars. We have used SIMBAD Astronomical Database and obtained this information from 930,000 records. The range of temperature of the hottest objects is between 6158 and 99,575 K. Also, the distance of the objects is between 231.7375 and 1 (mas). We report the correlation between the distance and temperature of these hot objects at the temperature upper than 6632 K is equal to 0.135063 and will be increased to 0.32001 at temperatures upper than 9860 K. Also, the correlation between the temperature and distance of objects hotter than 12,000 K is equal to 0.270218.

We report a positive correlation (0.914384) between the possibility of finding unexpected high Redshift (Z > 0.001) and the average temperature of nearby stars in different categories. The paper uses SIMBAD Astronomical Database for analyzing information of 58,916 nearby stars. The study shows that as the temperature of stars rises, the chance of finding stars with the unexpected high Redshift will be increased more than 43 times, especially around 10,000 K. The average temperature and average Redshift of 58,717 stars are equal to the 6,346 K and 9.73353E-05. On the other hand, the average temperature and average Redshift of 199 stars with high Redshift are equal to the 9,771 K and 0.453568. We cannot describe the high Redshift of all massive stars by gravitational Redshift because there are many supermassive objects with low Redshift. Hence, the relationship between the temperature and the unexpected high Redshift of stars questions expansion of space theory, gravitational Redshift, and the Hubble constant.

We report a list of nearby stars whose Redshift is too much higher than other nearby stars based on an analysis of 58,916 stars. We have used SIMBAD Astronomical Database and obtained this information from 1.4 million records. The data indicate that the Redshift of the almost 200 stars does not completely correlate with distance, and there are some exceptions. The high Redshift of nearby stars questions expansion of space and the Hubble constant.

The Redshift of the electromagnetic waves is a powerful tool for calculating the distance of the objects in space and studying their behavior. However, physicists' misinterpretation of why Redshift occurs has led us to a misunderstanding of the most cosmological phenomena. The paper introduces Quantum Redshift (QR) by using the quantum structure of the electromagnetic waves (QSEW) In the Quantum Redshift, although the Planck constant is the smallest unit of three-dimensional energy, it is consisting of smaller units of one-dimensional energy. The maximum energy of each period of the electromagnetic waves is equal to the Planck constant hence, the capacity of each period is carrying 89875518173474223 one-dimensional quanta energy. However, in the QR, at the emitting time of the electromagnetic waves, their periods are not fully filled. On the other hand, they are interested in sharing quanta energies with each other to have fully filled periods. Sharing the quanta energies ofا some periods between other periods is the reason for destroying some periods and decreasing the frequency of the electromagnetic waves. Our other studies show Quantum Redshift can well explain the whole phenomenon of the universe, and real data support our theory. The quantum redshift rejects the big bang theory, expansion of space and dark energy. It predicts dark matters and describes CMB. The paper obtains the basic equation of the QR for use in future papers.