Esmaeil Abedi’s research while affiliated with Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University and other places

We investigate biharmonic Ricci soliton hypersurfaces (Mn, g, 𝜉, ⋋) whose potential field 𝜉 satisfies certain conditions. We obtain a result based on the average scalar curvature of the compact Ricci soliton hypersurface Mn, where 𝜉 is a general vector field. Then we prove that there are no proper biharmonic Ricci soliton hypersurfaces in the Euclidean space En+1 provided that the potential field 𝜉 is either a principal vector in grad H⊥ or ξ=gradHgradH.

In this paper, we find the second variational formula for a generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection. Inequalities regarding the stability criteria of a compact generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection are established. 1. Introduction The harmonic maps have aspects from both Riemannian’s geometry and analysis. Harmonic mappings are considered a vast field, and because of the minimization of energy due to its dual nature, it has many applications in the field of mathematics, physics, relativity, engineering, geometry, crystal liquid, surface matching, and animation. Some particular examples of harmonic maps are geodesics, immersion, and solution of the Laplace equation. In physics, -harmonic maps were studied in image processing. Exponential harmonic maps were discussed in the field of gravity. Due to generalized properties, F-harmonic maps have many applications in cosmology. Harmonic maps have played a significant role in Finsler’s geometry. On complex manifolds, we have interesting and useful outcomes of harmonic maps (for details, see [1, 2]). During the past years, harmonicity on almost contact metric manifolds has been considered a parallel to complex manifolds ([3–5]). The identity map on a Riemannian manifold with a compact domain becomes a trivial case of the harmonicity. However, the stability and second variation theory are complex and remarkable here. In [6], a Laplacian upon functions with its first eigenvalue is used to explain stability on Einstein’s manifolds. From [7, 8], we know about the stability-based classification of a Riemannian that simply connected irreducible spaces with a compact domain. From [6], we know a well-known result about the stability of . Further in [5], identity map stability upon a compact domain of the Sasakian space form was explained by Gherge et al. (see also [9]). Considering the generalization of Sasakian space forms, Alegre et al. presented the generalized Sasakian space forms [10]. Therefore, we naturally study the identity map stability upon a compact domain of generalized Sasakian space forms, as discussed in some results in [11]. One of the most important terms in differential geometry is connection. Research on manifolds is incomplete without the notion of connection. In manifold theory, from the relation of metric and connection, we have a very important notion known as curvature tensor. The concept of a semisymmetric metric connection was initiated by Friedmann and Schouten in 1932 [12, 13]. Semisymmetric metric connections have many applications in the field of Riemannian manifolds and are useful to study many physical problems. In the current paper, we compute the stability criteria of a generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection. After recollecting the essential facts about harmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds in Section 2, we explain generalized Sasakian space forms throughout Section 3. In Section 4, we give the main results for a second variational formula and establish the inequalities for the identity map stability criteria upon a compact domain generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection. 2. Harmonic Maps on Riemannian Manifolds We can view harmonic maps on Riemannian manifolds as the generalization of geodesics that is the case of a one-dimensional domain and range as Euclidean space. In common, a map is known as harmonic if its Laplacian becomes zero and is known as totally geodesic if its Hessian becomes zero. In this present section, the basic facts of the harmonic maps theory [14, 15] are provided. Consider a smooth map . Let the dimension of the Riemannian manifold be and the dimension of be . The function that is smooth can be considered as the energy density of and is expressed asat a point and for any orthonormal basis of . Considering the compact domain of a Riemannian manifold , we take the energy density integral as the energy of ; that is, we havewhere the volume measure is represented by that is related to the metric on manifold . In the set of all smooth maps from to , a critical point of the energy is named as a harmonic map. That is, for any smooth variation of with , we can take Now, we consider as a compact Riemannian manifold and take a map that is harmonic. We consider smooth variation through constraints satisfying . Respective variational vector fields are represented through and . Therefore, we can define Hessian for a harmonic map through the following relation: The expression regarding the second variation of is as follows ([6, 16]): where is the second order operator that is self-adjoint upon the space of variation vector fields and is represented asfor and any local orthonormal frame on . Here, shows the curvature tensor of , and illustrates the pull-back connection of along with the Levi-Civita connection of . We compute the dimension of the biggest subspace of where the Hessian has values that are negative definite known as the index of a harmonic map . Therefore, if the index of harmonic map is zero, then it is stable; otherwise, it is unstable. An operator is represented by It is named the rough Laplacian. We consider the spectra of ; because of the Hodge de Rham Kodaira theory, this spectra is constructed as a discrete set of infinite number of eigenvalues with finite multiplicities with no accumulation points. 3. Generalized Sasakian Space Forms Generalized Sasakian space forms have the generalized curvature expression that combines the curvature expessions of Sasakian, Kenmotsu, and Cosymplectic space forms. Due to a generalized curvature expression, generalized Sasakian space forms have very useful and interesting properties. The current unit presents basics of almost contact metric manifolds particularly of generalized Sasakian space forms [17]. A Riemannian manifold with odd dimensions is known as an almost contact manifold if a -tensor field exists on and and a vector field and a 1-form exist so that Further, and satisfy and . A compatible metric on any almost contact manifold is defined asfor any vector fields , on manifold known as an almost contact metric manifold. An almost contact metric manifold becomes a contact metric manifold if for a fundamental -form , we have , and for , . Like the parallel condition of integrability for almost complex manifolds, the almost contact metric structure on becomes normal when The Nijenhuis torsion of is represented by and is defined as A Sasakian manifold is a normal contact metric manifold, and if , a normal almost contact metric manifold is known as the Kenmotsu manifold withwhere the cyclic sum is represented by . A real space form is a Riemannian manifold with a constant sectional curvature , and its curvature tensor is represented by the following relation:where , , and are vector fields on . An almost contact metric manifold can be identified as a generalized Sasakian space form provided that there are three functions , , upon so as the curvature tensor on is represented with the following relation:provided that vector fields , , and are on , see [10]. In particular, if and , then can be identified as a Sasakian space form. and can lead to a Kenmotsu-space form [10, 18]. The semisymmetric metric connection and the Levi Civita connection defined on contact metric manifold are related by the following expression that is obtained by Yano [19] and is represented aswhere and are vector fields on . As mentioned in [20], we have the following relation of the curvature tensor with respect to the Levi-Civita connection and the curvature tensor regarding the semisymmetric metric connection of the generalized Sasakian space form.taking vector fields , , , on . 4. Stability on Generalized Sasakian Space Forms with Semisymmetric Metric Connection Identity maps are always harmonic maps, but here, the second variational formula is not a trivial case. In this section, with the help of the second variational formula, we derive the inequalities for the stability criteria on the generalized Sasakian space forms with a semisymmetric metric connection. Consider the identity map on a compact generalized Sasakian space form that is . Then, the second variation formula is ([2]) as follows:where and represents the local orthonormal frame on . The rough Laplacian defined by (7) upon a generalized Sasakian manifold admitting a semisymmetric metric connection can be computed by the following lemma. Lemma 1. For a generalized Sasakian space form admitting semisymmetric metric connection, the rough Laplacian in the adopted frame field is given bywhere . Proof. Let and represent the semisymmetric connection and the Levi Civita connection on the generalized Sasakian space form, respectively. Therefore, it can be computed asWe have . Then, from equation (19), we haveAlso, we haveTake into account that . Then, in an adopted frame field , we arrived at Theorem 2. The second variation formula for the identity map on the generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric connection is expressed as Proof. since , over a compact domain , by Green’s formula and , similarly, . Therefore, we have Now, we consider a -adapted orthonormal local frame . After that, we haveand thus, we haveand with semisymmetric metric connection, it can be written asFrom (24) and (28), we have acquired the result of ((24)). Proposition 3. Consider a compact generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection. The identity map is weakly stable, if and . Proof. We can easily prove that☐ Now, the second variation formula with respect to a semisymmetric connection becomes Therefore, for the inequalities and , the identity map is weakly stable. Corollary 4. Let be the Kenmotsu space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection; then, the identity map on its compact domain is stable if . On the Kenmotsu space form , , [10]. And implies , and implies . Then, by the above results, the identity of the map becomes stable for the values of . 5. Conclusion The nd variational formula for a generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection has been successfully obtained in this work. All results in this work are novel where inequalities concerning the stability criteria of a compact generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection have been established. Further research works can be conducted depending on all our obtained results in this paper. Data Availability No data were used to support this study. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Authors’ Contributions The authors declare that the study was realized in collaboration with equal responsibility. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

UDC 515.12 We investigate biharmonic Ricci soliton hypersurfaces whose potential field satisfies certain conditions. We obtain a result based on the average scalar curvature of the compact Ricci soliton hypersurface where is a general vector field. Then we prove that there are no proper biharmonic Ricci soliton hypersurfaces in the Euclidean space provided that the potential field is either a principal vector in grad or .

In this paper, the standard almost complex structure on the tangent bunle of a Riemannian manifold will be generalized. We will generalize the standard one to the new ones such that the induced (0, 2)-tensor on the tangent bundle using these structures and Liouville 1-form will be a Riemannian metric. Moreover, under the integrability condition, the curvature operator of the base manifold will be classified.

In this article, it was shown that the biharmonic hypersurfaces in Euclidean space with recurrent Ricci operator are minimal. Infact, the biharmonic hypersurfaces with recurrent Ricci operator in E n+1 have at most three distinct principal curvatures. Consequently, we obtained the result.

In this article, it was shown that the biharmonic hypersurfaces in Euclidean space with recurrent operator are minimal. Infact, the biharmonic hypersurfaces with recurrent curvature operator, in E n+1 have at most three distinct principal curvatures. Also, it followed the locally symmetric biharmonic hypersurfaces in Euclidean space E n+1 are minimal too.

In this paper we classify Ricci-generalized pseudosymmetric $(\kappa, \mu)$-contact metric manifolds in the sense of Deszcz .

Aguilar introduced isotropic almost complex structures $J_{\delta , \sigma}$ on the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold (M,g). These structures with the Liouville 1-form define a class of Riemannian metrics $g_{\delta , \sigma}$ on TM which are a generalization of the Sasaki metric. In this paper, the curvature tensors will be calculated and some results on the Einstein tangent bundles and tangent bundles of constant sectional curvature will be achieved. Moreover, it will be proved that $(T\mathbb{R}^n,g_{\delta , 0})$ is an Einstein manifold if and only if $\delta$ is a constant function.

Aguilar introduced isotropic almost complex structures $J_{\delta , \sigma}$ on the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold $(M, g)$. In this paper, some results will be obtained on the integrability of these structures. These structures with the Liouville 1-form define a class of Riemannian metrics $g_{\delta , \sigma}$ on $T M$ which are a generalization of the Sasaki metric. Moreover, the notion of a harmonic unit vector field is introduced with respect to these metrics like as the Sasaki metric and the necessary and sufficient conditions for a unit vector field to be a harmonic unit vector field are obtained.

Aguilar introduced isotropic almost complex structures $J_{\delta , \sigma}$ on the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold $(M, g)$. In this paper, some results will be obtained on the integrability of these structures. These structures with the Liouville 1-form define a class of Riemannian metrics $g_{\delta , \sigma}$ on $T M$ which are a generalization of the Sasaki metric. Moreover, the notion of a harmonic unit vector field is introduced with respect to these metrics like as the Sasaki metric and the necessary and sufficient conditions for a unit vector field to be a harmonic unit vector field are obtained.