January 1994
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4 Reads
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6 Citations
Reclamation Sciences
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January 1994
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4 Reads
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6 Citations
Reclamation Sciences
January 1994
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244 Reads
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145 Citations
Reclamation Sciences
... AMD is an environmental problem that has been studied extensively since the 1950s (Leathen et al. 1953). The causes and formation of AMD as a major source of water-quality degradation (McCleary and Kepler 1994), especially in coal-mining regions, have been well documented (Stumm and Morgan 1970;Merritt 1986;Nordstrom and Ball 1986;Erickson and Heiden 1988;Cravotta 1991;Skousen and Ziemkiewicz 1995;Younger 1995;Foos 1997;Nordstrom and Alpers 1998;Rose and Cravotta 1998;Monterroso and Macias 1998;Wood et al. 1999;Pluta and Jackowicz-Korczynski 2003;Kim and Kim 2004;Larsen and Mann 2005;Blodau 2006;Devasahayam 2006;Cravotta 2008;Doulati et al. 2010;Silva et al. 2011a). ...
January 1994
Reclamation Sciences
... Coal MD is often treated in limestone-based treatment systems that rely on natural biological, geochemical, and physical processes to improve water quality (Skousen et al. 2017). Common types of limestone-based systems are anoxic limestone drains, open limestone channels, reducing and alkalinity producing systems (also known as successive alkalinity producing systems), oxic limestone drains (OLDs), vertical flow ponds (VFPs; also known as vertical flow beds), and auto-flushing vertical flow ponds (AFVFPs) (Cravotta et al. 2004;Cravotta & Trahan 1999;Hedin et al. 2010;Kepler & McCleary 1994;Skousen et al. 2017). In OLDs and VFPs, MD discharges are typically collected and transferred to a rectangular bed that is open to the atmosphere and filled with limestone. ...
January 1994
Reclamation Sciences