Enrique Tocados-Franco’s research while affiliated with Catholic University of Córdoba and other places

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Publications (2)


Axarquia region in Malaga, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain
Methodology used
Status of the La Viñuela reservoir over different years.
Source: EMBALSES.NET (2022)
Final energy consumption by sector (Malaga).
Source: Own elaboration based on data from the AAE (AAE 2022)
Energy used in agricultural water resources in Axarquia

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Trends in Water-Energy Nexus and Carbon Emissions Balance in Axarquia Region, Spain, in the Period 1990–2030
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2024

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181 Reads

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9 Citations

Environmental Processes

Enrique Tocados-Franco

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This research explores the dynamic interplay of water, energy, and carbon in Axarquia, Spain (1990–2030), focusing on the escalating water deficit and rising emissions. It seeks to comprehend the impact of subtropical crop expansion on regional resources. A comprehensive methodology integrates data on water demand, alternative sources and energy-intensive processes. Key methods include assessing the influence of subtropical crops on water requirements by calculating the FAO 56 crop coefficient (Kc), the total annual energy (GWh) as a consequence of the volume of water demanded, identifying the predominant water sources and quantifying CO2 emissions by calculating the carbon footprint balance, providing a holistic view of regional resource dynamics. The methodology developed here can be adapted to basins elsewhere and can be a useful tool to help the design of water management policies in basins where the balance of the Water, Food, Energy nexus is of particular interest. The study reveals a substantial 30% surge in water demand due to exponential growth in subtropical crops. Additionally, energy-intensive processes linked to alternative water sources contribute to a projected surge in emissions (2022–2030), indicating significant regional challenges. Axarquia faces imminent challenges with a widening water deficit and escalating emissions. However, the region emerges as a vital carbon sink, evidenced by the net carbon balance. With 176,413 tCO2eq sequestered by cultivated plant mass, the study underscores the potential for environmental improvement and climate change mitigation in the region.

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Water policy implications of perennial expansion in the Guadalquivir River Basin (southern Spain)

May 2023

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121 Reads

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4 Citations

Agricultural Water Management

This paper analyses the impacts and water policy implications of an increase of perennial crops on irrigation water requirements and on the vulnerability of the agricultural system to climatic events in the case of the Guadalquivir River basin. As indicated by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), the characterisation of a river basin requires information on the major economic drivers and pressures at river basin scale. Guadalquivir River basin (southern Spain) can be considered a representative Mediterranean case study that has faced basin closure and continues the trend towards increased crop intensification and greater water-use efficiency. Our result shows an increased vulnerability to drought and water scarcity in the basin due to the expansion of irrigated perennial crops and a decrease of RIS (relative irrigation supply) from 0.70 to 0.56 in the period 2000-2021, thereby forcing farmers to adopt deficit irrigation techniques. The potential increase in the frequency of droughts and the growth of irrigation water requirements (IWR) due to higher temperatures, raise the vulnerability of the system to extreme climate events. Such findings can be employed to support the efficient allocation of water resources in order to improve water policy through its adaptation to increasing risks related to droughts and water scarcity.

Citations (2)


... Over the course of the past few years, an expanding range of academic inquiry has endeavored to examine the fundamental correlations between decreased energy consumption, the progress of economies, and the facilitation of long-term sustainability (Mingran et al. 2018;Asongu and Ndour 2023;Iheonu et al. 2023;Pasupuleti and Ayyagari 2023;Raihan 2023;Tocados-Franco et al. 2024). In a recent empirical analysis by Pata (2021) using the ARDL method, it was discovered that economic advancement in the USA and Japan between 1982 and 2016 had a detrimental impact on the environment, indirectly affecting the load capacity factor. ...

Reference:

Energy-Economy-Environment Nexus Toward Sustainable Development: The Function of Globalization and Technological Innovation on Load Capacity Factor in Thailand
Trends in Water-Energy Nexus and Carbon Emissions Balance in Axarquia Region, Spain, in the Period 1990–2030

Environmental Processes

... Nationwide, this area has nearly doubled (1986( , MAGRAMA, 2021, with the expansion increasingly based on superintensive monocultures (especially olive; Rodríguez-Cohard et al., 2020) that are highly irrigation-dependent, plantationtype production systems (see photo in Figure 3 and schematic representation in Figure 1). More granularly, their areal extent has increased 5-fold in southern Spain (1989Tocados-Franco et al., 2023) and 6-fold in olive monocultures (Sánchez and Paniza Cabrera, 2015). Monocultural olive production now encompasses approximately 500,000 hectares in Andalusia alone (MAGRAMA, 2021) and, drawing on groundwater irrigation, covers areas of hilly uplands. ...

Water policy implications of perennial expansion in the Guadalquivir River Basin (southern Spain)

Agricultural Water Management