Elizabeth A. Sugar's research while affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and other places
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Publications (141)
A potentially curative hepatic resection is the optimal treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but most patients are not candidates for resection and most resected HCCs eventually recur. Until recently, neoadjuvant systemic therapy for HCC has been limited by a lack of effective systemic agents. Here, in a single-arm phase 1b study, we evalua...
Introduction
The current framework for investigating respiratory diseases is based on defining lung health as the absence of lung disease. In order to develop a comprehensive approach to prevent the development of lung disease, there is a need to evaluate the full spectrum of lung health spanning from ideal to impaired lung health. The American Lun...
4134
Background: Management of locally advanced pancreas cancer (LAPC) standardly involves chemotherapy with consolidative radiation and surgery in selected pts. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown limited benefit alone in pancreas cancer but may be primed by radiation and GM-CSF secreting allogeneic pancreatic cancer vaccine (GVAX). We present data f...
335
Background: Only 10-15% of newly diagnosed HCC patients are candidates for a potentially curative resection, and most patients who receive resection eventually recur. Historical systemic therapies including sorafenib, as well as locoregional therapies, have not demonstrated benefit in the perioperative setting. Novel combinations of targeted th...
Purpose:
Immunotherapy is currently ineffective for nearly all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), largely due to its tumor microenvironment (TME) that lacks antigen-experienced T effector cells (Teff). Vaccine-based immunotherapies are known to activate antigen-specific Teffs in the peripheral blood. To evaluate the effect of vaccine therap...
Introduction: We evaluated risk factors and demographic characteristics of associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with COPD.
Methods: 220 individuals with COPD enrolled in a cohort study designed to evaluate anxiety conducted at 16 clinical centers. Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)...
Background: Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a dismal prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 10%. For patients with metastatic PDA who respond to but cannot tolerate multi-agent chemotherapy, such as FOLFIRINOX, beyond 4-6 months, the optimal approach is unknown. Few studies have evaluated immunotherapy in the maintenance set...
Purpose:
To evaluate the long-term outcomes of uveitic macular edema DESIGN: Longitudinal follow-up of a cohort of participants in a randomized clinical trial PARTICIPANTS: 248 eyes of 177 participants with uveitic macular edema enrolled in the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial and Follow-up Study METHODS: Optical coherence tomography (O...
Purpose
To evaluate long-term risk and outcomes of glaucoma in eyes with intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis managed with systemic or fluocinolone acetonide (0.59 mg, “implant”) therapy.
Design
Prospective Follow-up of the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Clinical Trial Cohort
Methods
Patients with intermediate, posterior or panuv...
Objective
To evaluate the responsiveness of quality of life (QoL) metrics to ocular and systemic events in patients with non-infectious uveitis.
Design
Cohort study using randomized controlled trial data.
Participants
Patients with active or recently active intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis enrolled in the Multicenter Steroid Treatment (MUST...
Background
Biomarkers that can predict loss of asthma control among patients being considered for step-down therapy in well-controlled disease are lacking.
Objective
To evaluate if baseline biomarkers of type 2 airway inflammation and/or serial measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) predict loss of asthma control as therapy is stepp...
Purpose:
This phase 2 study tested granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells (GVAX) and ipilimumab in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) in the maintenance setting.
Methods:
Patients with PDA who were treated with front-line chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, i...
Purpose:
Two studies in previously-treated metastatic pancreatic cancer have been completed combining GVAX pancreas vaccine (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells) with cyclophosphamide (Cy) and CRS-207 (live, attenuated Listeria monocytogenes expressing mesothelin). In the current study, we c...
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Preclinical studies have shown that Hh inhibitors reduce pancreatic cancer stem cells (pCSC), stroma and Hh signalling.
Patients with previously untreated metastatic PDA were treated with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel. Vismodegib was added starting on...
Long-term outcomes for patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poor. Even if clear margins are obtained at the time of surgical resection, most patients with large tumors (>5 cm) relapse due to micrometastatic disease. No therapy has demonstrated clinical benefit in the perioperative setting, underscoring the need for nove...
Background: A strong rationale exists for the use of preoperative therapy in BR-PDAC, because upfront surgery in these patients results in a high probability of incomplete resection. Recently, the Alliance A021101 trial, which utilized neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and chemoradiation, demonstrated the safety and clinical activity of neoadjuvant therapy in...
Background:
Acute stroke due to supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Open craniotomy haematoma evacuation has not been found to have any benefit in large randomised trials. We assessed whether minimally invasive catheter evacuation followed by thrombolysis (MISTIE), with the aim of decreasing cl...
Background and objective:
The reduction of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) in response to methacholine challenge in asthma may reflect two components: airway narrowing, assessed by the change in FEV1 /forced vital capacity (FVC), and airway closure, assessed by the change in FVC. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree and de...
Importance
Numerous interventions have improved prescription of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis; however, many prescribed doses are not administered to hospitalized patients, primarily owing to patient refusal.
Objective
To evaluate a real-time, targeted, patient-centered education bundle intervention to reduce nonadministration of VTE pr...
Purpose:
To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of 3 regional corticosteroid injections for uveitic macular edema (ME): periocular triamcinolone acetonide (PTA), intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (ITA), and the intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IDI).
Design:
Multicenter, randomized clinical trial.
Participants:
Patients with uveitic ME...
Rationale:
Anxiety is a common co-morbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We evaluated three anxiety screening questionnaires, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A), and the Anxiety Inventory for Respirator...
Rationale:
Although national and international guidelines recommend reduction of asthma controller therapy or 'step-down" therapy in patients with well controlled asthma, it is expected that some individuals may experience worsening of asthma symptoms or asthma exacerbations during step-down. Characteristics associated with subsequent exacerbation...
Background:
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) often presents with nonspecific symptoms and the workup is not standardized. To study the impact of delays in diagnosis and in the initiation of treatment, we investigated the relationship between length of diagnostic intervals and surgical resectability.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective c...
413
Background: Pancreatic Cancer is associated with severe pain and often intractable due to its multifactorial nature. Celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN) has been shown to be effective in controlling pain and conventionally was performed percutaneously (PC) with fluoroscopic or CT guidance. However EUS guidance is being increasingly used and has show...
Background:
Stepping down therapy when asthma is well controlled on combination inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) is recommended, but it is not known whether lowering the ICS dose or stopping LABA is superior.
Objective:
To evaluate whether step-down therapy with LABA is superior to one without; and, secondaril...
Background
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of preventable harm in hospitalized patients. While numerous successful interventions have been implemented to improve prescription of VTE prophylaxis, a substantial proportion of doses of prescribed preventive medications are not administered to hospitalized patients. The purpose of this tr...
Stata.log file for outputation analyses.
(LOG)
Stata.do file for outputation analyses.
(DO)
High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a well-established imaging technology to measure lung and airway morphology in vivo. However, there is a surprising lack of studies examining HRCT reproducibility. The CPAP trial was a multicenter, randomized, 3-parallel arm, sham-controlled 12 week clinical trial to assess the use of a nocturnal CPAP d...
Purpose
To evaluate longitudinal vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in patients with noninfectious uveitis.
Design
Cohort study using randomized controlled trial data.
Participants
Patients with active or recently active intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis enrolled in the Multicenter Steroid Treatment Trial and Follow-up St...
Background:
Smoking asthmatics respond worse to existing asthma therapies and have more asthma symptoms and exacerbations.
Objective:
We evaluated the Asthma Control Test (ACT) for assessing asthma control among smokers.
Methods:
Adults with asthma who smoked were enrolled and followed for 6 weeks. The statistical properties, validity, and res...
e15767
Background: Celiac plexus block (CPB) and celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN) are options for pain control in pancreatic cancer. Conventionally they are performed percutaneously (PC) with fluoroscopic or CT guidance. However endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance is being increasingly used. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare PC-guide...
TPS4154
Background: Optimal treatment strategy beyond systemic chemotherapy for LAPC remains undefined. SBRT improves local control, but distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) is only 7.7 months. Checkpoint inhibitors are poor monotherapies in pancreas cancer, but may be primed by SBRT via absocopal effect and GVAX, which induces novel lymphoid in...
e15738
Background: PDAC often presents with nonspecific symptoms and the workup for suspected PDAC is not standardized. While surgery remains the only curative therapy, only 20% of PDAC is resectable due to local extension or metastasis. We examined the relationship between diagnostic interval of PDAC and surgical resectability. Methods: We perform...
Importance:
A randomized clinical trial comparing fluocinolone acetonide implant vs systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppression for treatment of severe noninfectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitides did not result in a significant difference in visual acuity at 2 and 4.5 years; longer-term outcomes are not known.
Objective:
To compar...
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163716.].
Background:
Intraventricular haemorrhage is a subtype of intracerebral haemorrhage, with 50% mortality and serious disability for survivors. We aimed to test whether attempting to remove intraventricular haemorrhage with alteplase versus saline irrigation improved functional outcome.
Methods:
In this randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlle...
Background:
COPD patients have high pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress that correlates with severity of disease. Sulforaphane has been shown to induce expression of antioxidant genes via activation of a transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2).
Methods:
This parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2, randomized t...
Dyspnea and St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, change from baseline at 4 weeks by treatment assignment.
(PDF)
Pulmonary function measures, change from baseline at 4 weeks by treatment assignment.
(PDF)
Treatment-emergent symptoms during follow-up by treatment group.
(PDF)
Specimen Processing Methods.
(PDF)
Hematology and serum chemistry at baseline and change after 4 weeks by treatment assignment.
(PDF)
Purpose:
Persistent oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection increases risk for oropharyngeal carcinoma, and people living with HIV have higher rates of oral HPV infection and related cancers. Some prescription medications have immunomodulatory effects, but the impact of medication use on oral HPV natural history is unknown.
Methods:
Scope(®) o...
Rationale:
Studies have demonstrated that application of stress suppresses airway smooth muscle contractility. In animal models of asthma, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) reduced airways reactivity. Short-term studies of CPAP in asthma patients showed reductions in airways reactivity.
Objectives:
To evaluate whether nocturnal CPAP dec...
Background:
Initial studies suggest higher serum levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines may be associated with decreased cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance. However, the relationship of cytokines with oral HPV clearance has not been explored.
Methods:
From 2010 to 2014, oral rinse and serum samples were collected semi-annually from...
Introduction:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 serum antibodies are common in people with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers (HPV-OPC), but not the general population. We explored HPV16 seroprevalence in people with and without oral HPV16 infection, the cause of HPV-OPC.
Methods:
Oral rinse samples were collected semiannually and tested for 36 ty...
Purpose:
We previously reported clinical outcomes and physician-reported toxicity of gemcitabine and hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Here we prospectively investigate the impact of gemcitabine and SBRT on patient-reported quality of life (QoL).
Methods and materials:
Forty...
Oral HPV16 infection causes oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), and prevalence is higher among men than women in
the United States. In a cohort study of oral HPV infection among 409, 18-25 year-olds, risk significantly increased with recent (prior three months) number of oral sexual partners among men, but not women (p-interaction [pI]=0...
TPS486
Background: A heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy using GVAX pancreas and CRS-207 is showing promise in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA) (Le, JCO 2015). Furthermore, blockade of the immune checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1) is active in some cancers. Combinatorial strategies aimed at priming tumor antigen-specific T...
Purpose:
To describe fluocinolone acetonide implant dissociations in the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial.
Design:
Randomized clinical trial with extended follow-up.
Methods:
Review of data collected on the first implant in the eye(s) of participants. Dissociation was defined as the drug pellet no longer being affixed to the...
Purpose:
To assess the visual outcomes of cataract surgery in eyes that received fluocinolone acetonide implant or systemic therapy with oral corticosteroids and immunosuppression during the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial.
Design:
Nested prospective cohort study of patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial.
Participan...
The role of adjuvant radiation for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is uncertain. We combine the experience of six National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers to explore the impact of adjuvant radiation following oncologic resection of GBC.
Patients who underwent extended surgery for GBC at Johns Hopkins, Mayo Clinic, Duke University, Oregon Hea...
Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma is considered a uniformly fatal disease with a median survival of 1 year with modern chemotherapy. While a subset of patients achieve prolonged survival, few of the factors that define this group of patients are known.
For the determination of overall survival (OS), 549 patients with histologically confirmed met...
Soy isoflavone supplements are used to treat several chronic diseases, although the data supporting their use are limited. Some data suggest that supplementation with soy isoflavone may be an effective treatment for patients with poor asthma control.
To determine whether a soy isoflavone supplement improves asthma control in adolescent and adult pa...
The association between oral HPV16 DNA viral load and infection clearance was evaluated among 88 individuals with oral HPV16 infection identified within a prospective cohort of 1,470 HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Oral rinses were collected semi-annually for up to five years. Oral HPV16 viral load at the first positive test was significan...
Despite the frequent use and radiation exposure of computed tomography (CT) scans, there is little information on patterns of CT use and their utility in the management of pediatric patients with fever and neutropenia (FN). We examined the contribution of either the commonly employed pan-CT (multiple anatomical locations) or targeted CT (single loc...
This phase 2 multi-institutional study was designed to determine whether gemcitabine (GEM) with fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) results in acceptable late grade 2 to 4 gastrointestinal toxicity when compared with a prior trial of GEM with single-fraction SBRT in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).
A total of...
Individuals with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can develop IgG antibodies to HPV proteins including the L1 capsid and E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Evidence on whether L1 antibodies reduce the risk of cervical HPV infection is mixed, but this has not been explored for oral HPV infections. Antibodies to HPV16's E6 oncoprotein have been detected in...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the majority of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States, yet the risk factors for and natural history of oral HPV infection are largely unknown. In 2010-2011, a US-based longitudinal cohort study of 761 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and 469 at-risk HIV-uninfected participants from the Multicenter A...
Objectives/HypothesisThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nystatin and Biotène® mouthwash Oral Rinse for controlling Candida in total laryngectomy (TL) patients with a tracheosophageal voice prosthesis (TEP) because Biotène® mouthwash Oral Rinse is a less costly alternative to nystatin and requires less adherence time.St...
Background:
Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with increased MS risk and with greater clinical and brain MRI activity in established relapsing MS.
Objective:
The VIDAMS trial (NCT01490502) is evaluating whether high-dose vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of MS activity.
Design/methods:
Eligibility criteria include diagnosis of...
Background
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is comprised of a prominent desmoplastic stromal compartment and only 10–40% of the tumour consists of PDA cells. However, how stromal components should be assessed and how the characteristics of the stromal compartment determine clinical outcomes in PDA patients remain unknown.MethodA cohort of 66...
Objective
To evaluate the 3-year incremental cost-effectiveness of fluocinolone acetonide implant versus systemic therapy for the treatment of noninfectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis.
Design
Randomized, controlled, clinical trial.
Participants
Patients with active or recently active intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis enrolled in...
Background:
Chronic sinonasal disease is common in asthmatic patients and associated with poor asthma control; however, there are no long-term trials addressing whether chronic treatment of sinonasal disease improves asthma control.
Objective:
We sought to determine whether treatment of chronic sinonasal disease with nasal corticosteroids improv...
Purpose
To evaluate the risk of cataract in the setting of AIDS.
Design
Prospective cohort study.
Participants
Subjects with AIDS free of ocular opportunistic infections throughout catamnesis.
Methods
From 1998 through 2008, subjects 13 years of age or older were enrolled. Demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics were documented...
Purpose:
To determine the prevalence and incidence of epiretinal membranes (ERM) in eyes with inactive extramacular cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Methods:
A case-control report from a longitudinal multicenter observational study by the Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOC...
Background
The methacholine challenge test quantifies airway hyper-responsiveness, which is measured by the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% decrease in forced expiration volume in 1 second (PC20). The dose–response effect of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on PC20 has been inconsistent and within-patient variability of PC20 is...
278 Background: Existing literature on the impact of radiation therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) on quality of life (QoL) is limited and is specific to standard chemoradiation. We prospectively investigated patient-reported QoL after treatment with fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods: Forty-nine pati...
Low total lymphocyte count (TLC) and lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio have been found to be poor prognostic indicators in several different tumor types at various stages. Although immune-based therapies are under rapid development, it is not known whether baseline complete blood counts, particularly lymphocytes, are associated with the clinical outco...
Preclinical reports support the concept of synergy between cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade in nonimmunogenic tumors. In particular, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies have been successfully combined with GM-CSF cell-based vaccines (GVAX). Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) has been tested as a single agent in patie...
Objective:
To evaluate agreement between fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results for diagnosis of macular edema in patients with uveitis.
Design:
Multicenter cross-sectional study.
Participants:
Four hundred seventy-nine eyes with uveitis from 255 patients.
Methods:
The macular status of dilated eyes with...
Purpose:
Agents that target the epigenome show activity in breast cancer models. In preclinical studies, the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat induces cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. We evaluated biomarker modulation in breast cancer tissues obtained from women with newly diagnosed invasive disease who received vorinostat...
Background:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at greater risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anal than oropharyngeal cancers. The prevalence of anal vs oral HPV infections is higher in this population, but whether this is explained by higher incidence or persistence is unknown.
Methods:
Oral rinse and anal sw...
Purpose:
Characterize the parameters of reporting tumor-graft experiments for oncologic drug development.
Experimental design:
Using Institute of Scientific Information impact factors, we identified the most-cited medical and oncology journals with tumor-graft experiments in murine models. For each article, the characteristics of the experimenta...
Objective:
To evaluate cataract risk in eyes of patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and to identify risk factors.
Design:
Prospective cohort study.
Participants:
Patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis.
Methods:
Patients 13 years of age and older were enrolled between 1998 and 2008. Demographic and clinical characteristics, s...
4045
Background: Phase I/II studies with single-fraction (25 Gy) stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) have shown local progression free survival (LPFS) rates of >90%, but are limited by late GI toxicity and minimal tumor response. We performed a phase II multi-center trial of gemcitabine (GEM) and fractio...
e14585
Background: Pancreatectomy, though necessary for potential cure of pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDA), can be associated with immune dysregulation. Low total lymphocyte count (TLC) has been found to be a poor prognostic indicator in several different tumor types. The goal of this study was to determine whether low TLC could affect response to...
To evaluate the impact of macular edema on visual acuity and visual field sensitivity in uveitis.
This study utilized baseline data from the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial, a randomized, parallel treatment clinical trial comparing alternative treatments for intermediate, posterior and panuveitis.
255 patients (481 eyes with uvei...
The methacholine challenge test (MCT) is commonly used to assess airway hyperresponsiveness, but the diagnostic characteristics have not been well studied in asthmatic patients receiving controller medications after the use of high-potency inhaled corticosteroids became common.
We investigated the ability of the MCT to differentiate participants wi...
To estimate the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to characterize the factors associated with increased risk of CMV retinitis.
Prospective cohort study.
A total of 1600 participants with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) but without CMV retinitis at enrollment who com...
211
Background: Ipilimumab (IPI) at 3mg/kg has been tested in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) with a low but detectable response rate. This supports a role for immunotherapy in PDA. Melanoma (MEL) studies demonstrate a dose-response relationship with IPI. Preclinical studies show synergy between anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and GM-CSF cell-based v...
Citations
... The dose of SFN did not significantly change mRNA levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1, and NOQ-1 in alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells. In addition, the amount of cytokines in serum and bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) has not changed substantially [68]. It has recently been reported that triterpene acids (TAs) can have a beneficial effect on cigarette-induced COPD. ...
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... Als Ausdruck einer Entzündung des gesamten Atemwegsepithels findet sich zudem eine enge Assoziation zum Asthma bronchiale: So ist die AR ein Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines Asthma bronchiale ( 40) und eine moderate bis schwere AR ist mit einer schlechten Asthmakontrolle assoziiert (8,15,34). Eine adäquate Therapie der AR verbessert in klinischen Studien die Asthmakontrolle (16,17,28,31). ...
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... For parameters that were not available in the literature, we calibrated from reasonable data or knowledge of HPV infection and the epidemiology of OPC. Seroconversion following oral HPV infection appears to be rare among both males and females [39][40][41][42][43] . The HPV vaccines function primarily by inducing durable systemic virus-neutralizing antibody responses, thereby preventing infection and possibly guarding against reinfection and disease 13,21 . ...
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... The step-down of the ICS dose is certainly the most common action when following the stepping approach, although there is no one-size-fits-all step-down strategy [ lenges, not only because there is limited data on clinically meaningful cutoffs to inform therapy adjustments © but also because of the false high and low values related to obesity, recent ingestion of specific foods, physical exercise and aller-415 gic diseases other than asthma [1]. In effect, subanalyses of the Long-Acting Beta-Agonist Step-Down Study (LASST) have shown that baseline or serial FeNO measurements during follow-up, as well as baseline atopy as determined by serum aeroallergen allergy screening test and baseline serum eosi-420 nophil peroxidase, are not solid predictors of treatment failure during step-down therapy for well-controlled disease [54]. ...
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... The recent results of MISTIE III trial have raised a great deal of interest regarding the indications for ICH surgery. Although MISTIE III did not demonstrate a positive effect on functional outcomes compared with standard medical care for ICH patients, it presented an essential insight into surgery for ICH (7). ...
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... The lack of overt immunomodulatory effects herein is not uncommon, as studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors for PC have shown only modest results. [33][34][35][36] However, limitations in those studies are similar to this trial, namely the small sample sizes not designed to evaluate survival outcomes, as well as concerns that PC may not be uniformly immunogenic without other interventions. As a result, although these data are likely not enough to recommend oregovomab in this setting for randomized trials, they do not exclude its potential utility when modern systemic regimens are employed. ...
... Comparable detailed data on HPV-associated SCCs of the head and neck are missing so far [29]. However, comparable knowledge has been gathered in natural history studies analyzing oral HPV prevalence, persistence, and clearance in the general population and specific subgroups such as HIV-positive individuals, here again specifically, men having sex with men [30][31][32][33]. ...
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... It allows a stable drug release for at least two years [77][78][79]. Illuvien® is a miniaturized and injectable version of Retisert® which was surgically implanted and was associated with a high rate of dissociation [80] , [81] . . The Illuvien® implant has demonstrated its safety and offers a long and controlled release of drug but its cost is high, and the empty implant stays inside the vitreous cavity. ...
... Some attempts to elongate VP lifespan by reducing biofilm development include the use of nystatin, antimicrobial agents, oral wash, and to clean the VP by special brush. All have pros and cons but are still not fully satisfactory [29,30]. Looking for methods that will prevent initial adherence of hyphae (an essential step in biofilm formation) should be considered essential in the development of future VP material. ...
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... 29, 30 An increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio may predict which patients might best respond to a course of antibiotics prior to chemotherapy, suggesting the possibility of necrosis and/or occult infection. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] Our study has several limitations. First, the study was a single-center study of retrospective nature. ...
