Elinor Ljungberg’s research while affiliated with Malmö University and other places

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Publications (7)


Table 2 : Ordinary least squares regression results of the logarithm of health-care costs on case categories, demographic and treatment characteristics.
Annual median total health-care cost in EUR (left hand side scale) with 25th and 75th percentiles and number of ward days (right hand side scale) per patient 1996–2003.
Total cost (EUR) for hand and forearm injuries in 51 children from the Malmö catchment area for 12 months 2002–2003 by sources of cost (surgery, other health-care cost, including ward days; lost productivity when parents were absent from paid work due to the child's injury).
Box plot of health-care cost (EUR) by type of case, sorted by median cost. Seven case categories that closely corresponded to alternative prevention strategies were constructed: A) burn injuries caused by hot objects, B) fingertip injuries caused by jamming in doors or other pinch objects, C) fractures, dislocations and sprains caused by a fall or hit, D) tendon and nerve injuries and wounds caused by sharp objects, E) complex injuries (an injury to more than one of the anatomical components of the hand or total or subtotal amputation through the middle or proximal phalanges) caused by falls with sharp objects, F) complex injuries caused by machines and rifles, and G) other injuries.
Bar plot of health-care cost (EUR) by type of case, sorted by total costs for all patients. Seven case categories that closely corresponded to alternative prevention strategies were constructed: A) burn injuries caused by hot objects, B) fingertip injuries caused by jamming in doors or other pinch objects, C) fractures, dislocations and sprains caused by a fall or hit, D) tendon and nerve injuries and wounds caused by sharp objects, E) complex injuries (an injury to more than one of the anatomical components of the hand or total or subtotal amputation through the middle or proximal phalanges) caused by falls with sharp objects, F) complex injuries caused by machines and rifles, and G) other injuries.

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Cost per case or total cost? The potential of prevention of hand injuries in young children – Retrospective and prospective studies
  • Article
  • Full-text available

August 2008

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135 Reads

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17 Citations

BMC Pediatrics

Elinor M Ljungberg

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Health-care costs for hand and forearm injuries in young children are poorly documented. We examined costs in 533 children injured years 1996-2003. Health-care costs and costs for lost productivity were retrospectively calculated in children from three catchment areas in Sweden. Seven case categories corresponding to alternative prevention strategies were constructed. Over time, diminishing number of ward days reduced the health-care cost per case. Among children, the cost of lost productivity due to parental leave was 14 percent of total cost. Fingertip injuries had low median costs but high total costs due to their frequency. Complex injuries by machine or rifle had high costs per case, and despite a low number of cases, total cost was high. Type of injury, surgery and physiotherapy sessions were associated with variations in health-care cost. Low age and ethnic background had a significant effect on number of ward days. The costs per hand injury for children were lower compared to adults due to both lower health-care costs and to the fact that parents had comparatively short periods of absence from work. Frequent simple fingertip injuries and rare complex injuries induce high costs for society. Such costs should be related to costs for prevention of these injuries.

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Injuries of the hand and forearm in young children caused by steam roller presses in laundries

February 2008

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29 Reads

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8 Citations

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery

Fourteen children (median age 43 months, range 14-82 months; 7 girls and 7 boys) were treated for mangle injuries (one hot steam, and 13 cold roller presses) to the hand and forearm between 1996-2002 at the Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö, Sweden. All children had unilateral skin damage with avulsion or necrosis of skin in nine. Seven of the 14 had signs of compartment and carpal tunnel syndromes and three had fractures (phalanges or hamate bone). Initial treatment included fasciotomy, decompression, and skin revision with split skin grafts and later further skin cover, including one pedicled ulnar flap. IN eight the injuries healed uneventfully, while six had slight consequences (such as minor extension deficit of fingers or slight contracture of the scar). Ten of the 14 children came from immigrant families. Mangle injuries can be prevented through better supervision of children by parents when the mangle is being used, and dissemination of information of the potential hazards in relevant languages in residential areas with large immigrant populations.


Hospitalized Swedish children with hand and forearm injuries: A retrospective review: Hospitalized children with hand injuries in Sweden

January 2007

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8 Reads

Acta Paediatrica

Aim: To analyse incidences and find risk groups in children hospitalized with hand injuries in a national retrospective study. Methods: All children with a primary hand or forearm injury admitted to Swedish hospitals during 1987–2001 were retrieved from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and analysed as to incidence and characteristics. Results: Among 9855 children included, the median age was 7.0 y and two‐thirds were boys. The incidence increased in both younger (0–6 y) and older (7–14 y) children. Wounds and fractures almost doubled, while muscle/tendon injuries decreased. In younger children, wounds and burns were the most frequent diagnoses. In older children, fractures and muscle/tendon injuries were common. Sharp objects caused most of the injuries. University hospitals treated almost half of the children. Conclusion: The number of children with hand injuries admitted to hospitals in Sweden increased annually. Analyses of causes behind the increase are important to counter this trend.


Risks for, and causes of, injuries to the hand and forearm: A study in children 0 to 6 years old

February 2006

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21 Reads

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15 Citations

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery

Ninety-six children aged 0-6 years with unintentional hand injuries were referred to the Department of Hand Surgery between 2002 and 2003. Either parents, medical staff, or both, completed a questionnaire (response rate 79/96; 82%) about the circumstances of the injury. The incidence of injuries referred for treatment was 33.4/10,000 people/year. Seventy-five percent (59/79) of all injuries occurred at home, and only 8% (6/79) in a day-care centre. The risk was highest between 4 p.m. and 8 p.m. (incidence rate ratio 5.17, 95% confidence interval 2.12 to 17.7) and in 6 year old children (IRR 4.89, 95% CI 1.58 to 37.68). Adults were present when 66/79 children (84%) were injured. Most injuries occurred during play (39/79; 49%). Stuck in front doors (23/79; 29%) (closed by a child) was common. There was no increase in incidence in children with a foreign background (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.28). Advice about prevention will be distributed to parents to encourage safer environments in homes.


Hospitalized Swedish children with hand and forearm injuries: A retrospective review

February 2006

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15 Reads

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10 Citations

Acta Paediatrica

To analyse incidences and find risk groups in children hospitalized with hand injuries in a national retrospective study. All children with a primary hand or forearm injury admitted to Swedish hospitals during 1987-2001 were retrieved from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and analysed as to incidence and characteristics. Among 9855 children included, the median age was 7.0 y and two-thirds were boys. The incidence increased in both younger (0-6 y) and older (7-14 y) children. Wounds and fractures almost doubled, while muscle/tendon injuries decreased. In younger children, wounds and burns were the most frequent diagnoses. In older children, fractures and muscle/tendon injuries were common. Sharp objects caused most of the injuries. University hospitals treated almost half of the children. The number of children with hand injuries admitted to hospitals in Sweden increased annually. Analyses of causes behind the increase are important to counter this trend.



Hand Injuries in Young Children

September 2003

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28 Reads

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83 Citations

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)

Four hundred and fifty five young children (0-6 years old) were treated for hand injuries between 1996 and 2000. Boys (61%) were injured more often and a higher number of injuries occurred during May and September. Fingertip injuries were the most common injuries (37%), and were often caused by jamming in doors at home. Fractures were caused by falls and punches and tendon/nerve injuries by sharp objects. The incidence of hand injuries increased from 20.4/10,000/year in 1996 to 45.3/10,000/year in 2000. Only 4% of the children had complex injuries but these placed a high demand on resources. The incidence of injuries was not higher amongst children from immigrant families.

Citations (5)


... 9,10 In addition, there is little information about the comprehensive epidemiological investigation of pediatric hand and finger injuries, including those to the fingertips, palms, and dorsum of the hand. 11 Epidemiological studies are essential for the development of injury prevention strategies. In particular, for children, it is important to develop a strategy for the prevention of pediatric hand and finger injuries based on the child's developmental stage. ...

Reference:

Epidemiology of Pediatric Hand Injury at a Pediatric Department in Japan
Hand Injuries in Young Children
  • Citing Article
  • September 2003

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)

... Studies have shown that most finger door entrapment injuries occur at home, particularly in living room and bathroom doors, whereas door entrapment injuries in kitchens are the least common [19,28]. Therefore, parents should take protective measures, such as installing door stops, which can effectively reduce the incidence of door-clipping injuries [29]. ...

Risks for, and causes of, injuries to the hand and forearm: A study in children 0 to 6 years old
  • Citing Article
  • February 2006

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery

... with skin grafts may be efficient [4]. However, treatment of those injuries frequently requires several secondary procedures for an optimal functional result [5]. ...

Injuries of the hand and forearm in young children caused by steam roller presses in laundries
  • Citing Article
  • February 2008

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery

... They are related not only to children's stress and possible impairment but are also an important economic problem. These injuries comprise about 13.0-23.0% of injury-related and 2.3% of general emergency room visits [2][3][4][5]. The hand is the second most common site of fractures (after the forearm) in most studies, but exceptions to this rule have been reported [1,6]. ...

Cost per case or total cost? The potential of prevention of hand injuries in young children – Retrospective and prospective studies

BMC Pediatrics