Elena Paffumi’s research while affiliated with The Joint Commission and other places

Battery aging of electrified vehicles is a key parameter to be controlled in order to ensure sufficient energy efficiency and driving range across the whole vehicle lifespan. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe has recently adopted a new regulatory framework, the Global Technical Regulation No. 22, prescribing minimum performance requirements for in-vehicle battery durability. With the implementation of this new GTR, monitors of the battery state of certified energy and range will be available in every production vehicle, the accuracy of which will be tested statistically by applying an in-use verification procedure (Part A). Once the monitors’ correctness is checked, the battery durability performances are controlled in Part B against the defined limit values by a fleet monitoring procedure. This work presents the results of a testing campaign executed at the Joint Research Centre testing facilities on an aged pure electric vehicle to measure its capacity and range fade. The aim is to explore the applicability of GTR No. 22, assessing the in-vehicle battery performance fade of an aged electric vehicle, illustrating the several steps of the developed regulation and experimental methodology.

The effects of mileage accumulation and charge rate on the performance of two 2015 battery electric vehicles (BEV) were investigated in Canadian climate between 2015 and 2021.

The effects of mileage accumulation and charge rate on the performance of two 2015 battery electric vehicles (BEV) were investigated in Canadian climate between 2015 and 2021. This paper describes the summation of this multi year project.

This article summarises the experimental testing campaign performed at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) on the demonstrator battery electric vehicle (BEV) of the European Union Horizon 2020 research project QUIET. The project, launched in October 2017, aimed at developing an improved and energy-efficient electric vehicle with increased driving range under real-world driving conditions, focusing on three areas: improved energy management, lightweight materials with enhanced thermal insulation properties, and improved safety and comfort. A heating, venting, and air conditioning (HVAC) system based on the refrigerant R290 (propane), a phase change material (PCM) thermal storage system, infrared heating panels in the near field of the passengers, lightweight materials for seat internal structures, and composite vehicle doors with a novel atomically precise manufacturing (APM) aluminium foam are all the breakthrough technologies installed on the QUIET demonstrator vehicle. All these innovative technologies allow the energetic request for cooling and heating the cabin of the demonstrator vehicle under different driving conditions and the weight of the vehicle components (e.g., doors, windshields, seats, heating, and air conditioning) to be reduced by about 28%, leading to an approximately 26% driving range increase under both hot (40 °C) and cold (−10 °C) weather conditions.

This work develops scenario-based analyses for predicting in-vehicle performance degradation of automotive traction batteries. It combines recent capacity performance-based models of NCM-LMO Li-ion (Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide—Lithium Manganese Oxide) variant batteries with real-world vehicle driving data from different geographical areas of Europe. The analysis addresses different battery and vehicle architectures (PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) and BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles)) combined with different recharging strategies and mobility patterns and environmental temperatures. The mobility pattern datasets used in this analysis refer to six European cities and include up to 508,609 private vehicles, corresponding to 1.78 billion GPS records, 9.1 million trips and parking events and a total driven distance of 106.1 million kilometers. The results show the effect that the environmental temperature, the recharging power, and the driven kilometers have on the calendar and cycling aging. The majority of the combinations of the considered vehicle architectures and recharge strategies do not lead to battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than five calendar years for a usage profile of up to 1000 km/month.

Background of UN GTR No. 21 (DEVP). The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) has proposed a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) for determining the rated power of electrified vehicles. Rated power is an input to the World Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) and is also useful for other purposes such as customer information, insurance or taxation. The proposed procedure is applicable to electrified powertrains of all types and its power rating is comparable to the power ratings of conventional vehicles. This paper reports on the elements of the procedure, its technical basis and applicability to various electrified architectures, and a second phase of validation testing performed at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC).

This work aims at combining recent capacity fade performance-based models for Lithium-ion batteries with the real-world vehicle driving data to develop a case study for predicting the capacity fade of the battery of electric vehicles. The study adopts the calendar and cycle capacity fade of three Li-ion chemistries in three different battery architectures combined with five different recharging strategies, delivering 220 scenarios in total. The results show that most of the combinations of Li-ion chemistries, battery architectures, and recharge strategies do not lead to battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than 5 calendar years for a driving profile of up to 1000 km/month. At higher monthly mileage, LiFePO4 and NCM battery chemistries with spinel Mn might have values below 5 years. Instead, NCM-LMO appears not to go below this threshold regardless of the mileage for a 16S-72P-6S battery architecture, with the first life above 10 years. The work also includes an experimental validation with a comparison between capacity fade predictions of NCM-LMO model with real-world measurements from two test-vehicles in a mileage accumulation test campaign.

The World Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) determines vehicle classification and cycle downscaling based on engine power rating. However, it does not specify a method for determining an equivalent system power rating for electrified vehicles that have more than one source of propulsion, such as an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. This paper describes the development and initial validation of a draft test procedure being considered by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) Informal Working Group (IWG) on Electric Vehicles and the Environment (EVE). This paper reports on a first exploratory phase of testing, in which hybrid vehicles were tested at laboratories in North America and Europe to support initial assessment of the draft procedure and to generate relevant information and experience to assist its further development by the EVE IWG.