Eileen Salinas Cruz’s research while affiliated with Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias and other places

Em "Ciências Sociais em Foco", convidamos você a uma exploração profunda das nuances que compõem o tecido social. Esta obra reúne uma compilação de ensaios e análises que exploram diversas facetas do tecido social, oferecendo uma visão abrangente e estimulante sobre questões contemporâneas. Dos desafios históricos aos debates culturais atuais, esta obra proporciona uma jornada intelectual cativante, revelando camadas essenciais para compreender as complexidades da sociedade contemporânea. Os temas abordados no e-book refletem não apenas as preocupações do momento, mas também oferecem uma perspectiva atemporal sobre questões que continuam a influenciar nosso mundo. A obra apresenta uma variedade de conteúdos, enriquecendo o diálogo sobre as dinâmicas sociais em constante evolução. Seja um estudante, pesquisador ou entusiasta das Ciências Sociais, "Ciências Sociais em Foco" proporciona uma experiência de leitura que vai além da superficialidade, oferecendo insights fundamentais que enriquecerão seu conhecimento e estimularão seu pensamento crítico. Descubra conosco as fascinantes análises que este livro oferece sobre a sociedade e suas complexidades.

Given the situation of poverty and marginalization in which most of the communities in the rural areas of the Mexican South Southeast are found, a situation that affects 17 million people classified as in a situation of extreme poverty, agribusiness is an alternative under these conditions for it. An operational and practical methodology is required that allows a good identification and implementation of initiatives according to the situation and the environment. The objective of this work was to validate an operational methodological model called model for the competitiveness of small farmers in extreme poverty based on agribusiness. The validation project was developed in four pilot communities in the Mexican South Southeast considered to be highly marginalized and poor: San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz; Tahdziu, Yucatan; Ocotepec, Chiapas and San Jerónimo Taviche, Oaxaca. The applied model consists of four stages, diagnosis, incubation, development and maturity. The diagnosis considered in turn two sub-stages, one on the description of the environment and the actors and the second on the definition of the portfolio of opportunities. The incubation considered the sub-stages of prioritization through a qualification criteria and the business plan itself according to the conditions of the actors and the environment. The development stage is nothing more than the start-up and consolidation of the business with a view to continuous improvement. The results obtained were four agribusinesses in progress, one for each pilot community, with profitability indicators such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 35.0%, 100.0%, 41.0% and 45.9% for jam production in San Andrés Tuxtla Veracruz, Stevia production and marketing in Tadhziu Yucatán, Hass avocado production and marketing in San Pablo Huacanó Chiapas and tomato production and marketing in greenhouses in San Jerónimo Taviche Oaxaca, respectively. The operational methodological model to identify and develop agribusiness in poor and marginalized communities was successfully validated. It is concluded that it is possible to develop profitable and competitive agribusiness in conditions of extreme poverty and marginalization.

Con la metodología de Escuelas de Campo se realizó investigación para determinar la eficiencia financiera del sistema de manejo integrado del limón (MIL) en clima semiárido semicálido (BS1hw), que permita mayor ingreso por actividad productiva de las familias campesinas en comparación con su situación inicial. El trabajo se desarrolló en Tlalcozotitlán, Copalillo, Guerrero, clasificada con alto índice de pobreza y carencia al acceso a la alimentación. El diagnóstico de la situación inicial se obtuvo con la aplicación de 30 cuestionarios y se calculó la rentabilidad de la tecnología tradicional, así como una encuesta al final del estudio. Parcelas-escuela fueron establecidas para evaluar el sistema MIL y manejo integrado modificado (MIL-M), con recomendaciones, seguimiento, evaluación y control de innovaciones realizadas por el productor. Las variables evaluadas fueron grado de adopción de innovaciones, rendimiento, costos de producción, ingresos y relación B/C. Los resultados indican rendimiento base de 2 t ha-1 con costo de producción de $3 650 ha-1, ingreso bruto de$14 285.71 ha-1, con coeficiente B/C de 3.91. El sistema MIL y MIL-M obtuvieron rendimientos de 11.55 y 7.37 t ha-1, con costos de producción de $16 927.70 y$14 106.35 ha-1, ingreso bruto de $134 640.00 y$97 725.00, coeficiente B/C de 7.95 y 6.93 respectivamente, lo cual se asoció a 88% de grado de adopción de las innovaciones. El sistema MIL mostró potencial económico, ofreciendo una oportunidad a los campesinos de aumentar sus ingresos y haciendo la actividad más rentable.

In order to increase the yield in corn cultivation in Tlalcozotitlan, municipality of Copalillo, Guerrero, technological innovations were implemented under the field schools model (ECA) and its degree of adoption was determined. 30 questionnaires were applied to know the initial situation of the producers, about the yield per hectare with traditional technology. The second phase was the establishment of the corn-school plot and the training of producers; through the ECA model, in the context of producer-promoter training. The variables recorded were performance, cost of production, B/C ratio and the degree of adoption of innovations. The initial situation indicates a yield of 0.9 t ha-1 of corn grain, a production cost of $9 457.00 ha-1 and a B/C ratio of 0.43, in the school plot 2 036 t ha-1 was obtained and a production cost of$11 767.00, increased 1 136 t ha-1, which corresponds to 126% in two years of evaluation and a B/C ratio of 0.79. There were statistically significant differences in the knowledge and adoption of technological innovations by the producer-promoters before and after receiving the training and accompaniment courses of field schools, developed in corn cultivation, where 47% of adoption in selection component was obtained of creole corn and 31% in seed inoculation with mycorrhizae and Metarhizium.

A model is proposed for the management of innovation in marginalized or depressed areas in three different countries, following the methodology of the Field Schools and taking advantage of the resources available in the region, work began with producers of areas with high marginalization and speakers of its original language, based on the fact that producers are subjects and not only beneficiaries, to say that, based on their decisions, they are the ones who cause the changes in their way of acting and producing, in such a way that in addition to the technological offer that allows access to better productive levels, as well as training in their own contexts, they can: have a third component more; Access to the market through the added value of its primary products and the culmination of the model: agribusiness or agribusiness creation. The work was carried out in Nicaragua, Paraguay following the model proposed and developed in Mexico taking advantage of existing agreements between these countries, the results indicate significant progress in Mexico, Nicaragua, in Paraguay part of the suggested model is still being implemented, thus It will be in the coming years when progress can be reported.

A model is proposed for the management of innovation in marginalized or depressed areas in three different countries, following the methodology of the Field Schools and taking advantage of the resources available in the region, work began with producers of areas with high marginalization and speakers of its original language, based on the fact that producers are subjects and not only beneficiaries, to say that, based on their decisions, they are the ones who cause the changes in their way of acting and producing, in such a way that in addition to the technological offer that allows access to better productive levels, as well as training in their own contexts, they can: have a third component more; Access to the market through the added value of its primary products and the culmination of the model: agribusiness or agribusiness creation. The work was carried out in Nicaragua, Paraguay following the model proposed and developed in Mexico taking advantage of existing agreements between these countries, the results indicate significant progress in Mexico, Nicaragua, in Paraguay part of the suggested model is still being implemented, thus It will be in the coming years when progress can be reported.

La eterna discusión de que método usar cuando se inicia una investigación, no ha llegado a su fin, dado que las ciencias duras o exactas exponen que el rigor científico debe llevar una serie de pasos secuenciados hasta aceptar o no aceptar una hipótesis, en tanto que las ciencias filosóficas privilegian el uso de herramientas y técnicas basadas en la etnografía para tratar de entender el fenómeno y el objeto de la investigación, en razón de ello este ensayo pretende ayudar a los jóvenes investigadores a tener mayor claridad en cuanto a seleccionar su método de evaluación en una investigación, sin ser excluyente un método del otro, sino más bien complementarios.

La baja productividad de 12 000 ha de café que se cultivan dentro de la Reserva de la Biósfera El Triunfo (REBITRI), además de afectar el ingreso de las familias, representa la principal amenaza de cambio de uso de suelo, pérdida de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos en el área natural protegida, al incentivar la apertura de nuevas áreas de cultivo para compensar la inef iciencia. El daño causado por la reciente enfermedad de la roya ha incentivado a los productores a mejorar sus prácticas de cultivo, especialmente la fertilización. Se analizaron las propiedades de los suelos con el propósito de iniciar un programa de fertilización que coadyuve a mejorar de manera sustentable los niveles de productividad del café. Los resultados indican una acidez generalizada ocasionada principalmente por el H+ en la solución del suelo, con ausencia de iones de H y Al en los coloides. Los altos contenidos de materia orgánica hacen suponer que las condiciones de acidez están afectando su humificación y mineralización. La dinámica de la CIC en los suelos está inf luenciada por el pH y el contenido de Materia Orgánica. Más de 90% de las parcelas presentan niveles altos de K, Ca y Mg y bajo contenido de P y B en el 50 y 84%, en estas últimas podría haber respuesta a la aplicación de estos nutrientes. Los excesos de Ca podrían estar limitando la absorción de K y Mg y los excesos de Mn en el suelo podrían estar asociados a problemas fisiológicos para absorberlo y almacenarlo.

La estructura productiva en zonas altamente marginadas responde a una necesidad de producir alimentos suficientes para las familias, incluso por encima de la producción de excedentes y de la conservación de los recursos naturales. La diversidad productiva y la intensificación de los terrenos de cultivo a través de asociaciones como maíz y frijol generan el sistema denominado “milpa”, el cual aprovecha espacios reducidos y terrenos de difícil labor. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la productividad del sistema de “milpa” de las regiones de alta marginación del estado de Chiapas, así como los factores internos y externos que afectan la oportunidad y riesgo del sostenimiento de las familias campesinas en dicha región. Para tal efecto se levantaron 124 encuestas en los municipios de Ocotepec y Copainalá. Se analizó la interacción de la persistencia campesina con otros subsistemas. Así como el uso, disponibilidad y dinámica de los mismos. Además se estudió la influencia de los apoyos gubernamentales que reciben los productores de la región. La información obtenida corresponde al periodo 2009-2013. Los resultados revelan que a pesar de que Copainalá y Ocotepec son municipios vecinos, existe diferencia entre ellos en términos económicos y de competitividad. Además, la dependencia económica de apoyos gubernamentales puede generar riesgos de vulnerabilidad para los habitantes de dichos municipios.

El objetivo del estudio fue medir el impacto de la actividad forestal en Chignahuapan, Puebla, para determinar su interrelación con otras, e identificar si impulsa la economía del municipio, o sólo provee insumos a otros sectores. Se utilizó la matriz insumo-producto con el método Flegg. Los resultados sugieren que el aprovechamiento forestal y la industria maderera contribuyen significativamente al desarrollo de Chignahuapan. Por lo tanto, para impulsar la economía municipal habría que incentivar la inversión en estos sectores, a través de la implementación de políticas públicas integrales, lo que se pudiera considerar un modelo a seguir para otros municipios o regiones. _____________ The objective of this study was to measure the impact of forestry activity in Chignahuapan, Puebla, in order to determine its interrelation with other activities, and to identify whether it boosts the municipality’s economy or only provides inputs for other sectors. The input-output matrix with Flegg’s method was used. The results suggest that forestry use and timber industry contribute significantly to Chignahuapan’s development. Therefore, for the purpose of boosting municipal economy, it is necessary to foster investment in these sectors by implementing integral public policies, which can be regarded as a model for other municipalities and regions.