Edward B. Mondor's research while affiliated with Georgia Southern University and other places
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Publications (44)
Forensic entomologists use insect evidence to estimate the minimum postmortem interval of human remains. However, how different forms of trauma influence insect attraction to, and colonization of, the body is poorly understood. Our objective was to identify the Calliphoridae community present in the Piedmont region (Georgia, USA), and determine whe...
Deploying collective antipredator behaviors during periods of increased predation risk is a major determinant of individual fitness for most animal groups. Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, which live in aggregations of genetically identical individuals produced via asexual reproduction warn nearby conspecifics of pending attack by secreting a volat...
In his letter to the editor of the Journal of Medical Entomology , Dr. Wells raises concerns regarding a proliferation of terms used to describe various subcomponents of the postmortem interval (PMI). These terms have arisen with the development of various models to understand the period of time that passes between death, colonization by insects, a...
Organisms attempt to optimize foraging by maximizing resource acquisition while minimizing predation risk. Aphids (group-living, phloem-feeding insects) routinely change feeding positions and interact with predators and parasites at the single-leaf scale. Here, we assess the life history and predation risk consequences of within-leaf feeding site c...
Reliable cues of increased predation risk can induce phenotypic changes in an organism’s offspring (i.e. transgenerational phenotypic plasticity). While induction of defensive morphologies in naïve offspring in response to maternal predation risk is widespread, little is known about transgenerational changes in offspring behavior. Here we provide e...
As many animals form aggregations, group-living is believed to be adaptive. It is not clear, though, if clonal aggregations
should have spatial structure, as protecting clone-mates is the genetic equivalent of protecting self. ‘Fitness discounting’
theory states that immediate reproductive opportunities are of greater value than are delayed opportu...
The importance of genetic diversity in successful biological invasions is unclear. In animals, but not necessarily plants, increased genetic diversity is generally associated with successful colonization and establishment of novel habitats. The Oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, though native to the Mediterranean region, is an invasive pest species throu...
Aphids possess unique anatomical structures called cornicles through which a defensive secretion containing alarm pheromone is often emitted when a predator attacks an aphid. The levels of alarm pheromone in cornicle droplets from the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), vary considerably during development; however, it is not clear how the len...
For an alarm signal to evolve, the benefits to the signaler must outweigh the costs of sending the signal. Research has largely focused on the benefits of alarm signaling, and the costs to an organism of sending an alarm signal are not well known. When attacked by a predator, aphids secrete cornicle droplets, containing an alarm pheromone, for indi...
When attacked by a predator, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, emit an alarm pheromone, (E)-β-farnesene, which causes nearby conspecifics to disperse from the area. However, herbivore-damaged plants also emit (E)-β-farnesene. We hypothesized that plants release farnesene to habituate aphids, i.e., to disrupt their alarm-pheromone responses, perhaps...
An indirect mutualism arises when the beneficial effect of two species on each other depends upon the presence of a third species. Surveys, fruit dissections, and behavioural observations on yucca (Yucca glauca Nutt.) indicate that wood ants (species of Formica L., 1758) deter oviposition by non-pollinating, seed-predating moths (Tegeticula corrupt...
Conversion of inorganic nitrogen by mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is essential for plant growth and reproduction, as well as the devel-opment of chemical and mechanical defenses. It is unclear, however, how these bacteria alter co-occurring symbioses at higher trophic levels; e.g., extrafloral nectary (EFN) induction, in re-sponse to herbivo...
Background/Question/Methods
Regional and global changes in the composition of Earth’s atmosphere are impacting the productivity of forest ecosystems. Elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3 are of particular interest because of their opposing effects on tree productivity. Tree productivity will also be influenced by the effects of CO2 and O3 on inse...
1 Altered atmospheric composition, associated with climate change, can modify herbivore population dynamics through CO 2 and/or O 3 -mediated changes in plant quality. 2 Although pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum genotypes exhibit intraspecific variation in population growth in response to atmospheric composition, the proximate mechanisms underlying th...
1In defensive mutualistic associations, reduced risk of predation should permit defended organisms to produce phenotypes with higher offspring production than non-mutualistic, unprotected conspecifics which require costly defensive traits.2Here, we show that cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, which produce any combination of dwarf apterae (low intrinsi...
Invasive species have had devastating impacts on the fauna and flora of the Hawaiian Islands. While the negative effects of
some invasive species are obvious, other species are less visible, though no less important. Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
are not native to Hawai’i but have thoroughly invaded the Island chain, largely as a result of anthropo...
By comparing the relative sizes of anatomical structures among phenotypes, selective pressures that shape species' morphologies can be evaluated. Aphids emit droplets containing an alarm pheromone/defensive secretion from unique anatomical structures called cornicles, upon being attacked. As aphids live in colonies of high relatedness, it is uncert...
The effects of CO 2 and tropospheric O 3 on forest trees are increasingly the subject of experimental evaluation. Little is known, however, about the effects of these gases on understory plant taxa. At the Aspen free-air CO 2 and O 3 enrichment (Aspen FACE) site we assessed colonization and establishment of two common forest understory species, red...
Species introductions into novel habitats, especially island ecosystems, can have devastating effects on ecosystem function
and stability. Though none are native, at least 96 aphid species can now be found on one or more of the Hawaiian Islands.
As aphids cause direct feeding damage and transmit plant viruses, it is important to identify the traits...
Phenotypic plasticity enables many damaged plants to increase nectar secretion rates from extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), or in the case of broad bean, Vicia faba L. to produce additional EFNs, to attract natural enemies of herbivores. While plants benefit greatly from these defensive mutualisms, the costs of producing EFNs are largely unknown. We hy...
As invasive species are key threats to ecosystem structure and function, it is essential to understand the factors underlying
their success. Enigmatically, mutualistic organisms are often successful in colonizing novel environments even though they
commonly persist only through intricate relationships with other species. Mutualistic ants, for examp...
The evolution of herbivore-host plant specialization requires low levels of gene flow between populations on alternate plant species. Accordingly, selection for host plant specialization is most effective when genotypes have minimal exposure to, and few mating opportunities with individuals from, alternate habitats. Maternally transmitted bacterial...
Environmental change is anticipated to negatively affect both plant and animal populations. As abiotic factors rapidly change habitat suitability, projections range from altered genetic diversity to wide-spread species loss. Here, we assess the degree to which changes in atmospheric composition associated with environmental change will influence no...
Environmental change is anticipated to negatively affect both plant and animal populations. As abiotic factors rapidly change habitat suitability, projections range from altered genetic diversity to wide-spread species loss. Here, we assess the degree to which changes in atmospheric composition associated with environmental change will influence no...
In response to increased predation risk, many organisms exhibit transgenerational polyphenisms whereby offspring have behavioural and (or) morphological adaptations to avoid natural enemies. The mechanisms underlying altered phenotypic expression, however, are not well understood. Aphids commonly exhibit a transgenerational wing-induction polypheni...
Transgenerational phenotypic changes, whereby offspring have an altered trait or a distinct alternate phenotype, frequently occur in response to increased maternal predation risk. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is unique, however, as offspring consist of four distinct phenotypes ("normal" light green apterae, "normal" dark green apterae...
While the effects of global atmospheric changes on vegetation and resulting insect populations(‘bottom-up interactions’) are being increasingly studied, how these gases modify interactions among insects and their natural enemies (‘top-down interactions’) is less clear. As natural enemy efficacy is governed largely by behavioural mechanisms, altered...
Organisms often exhibit transgenerational phenotypic changes in response to an increased risk of parasitism or predation. Shifts in global atmospheric composition could modify these phenotypic effects through changes in either nutrient quantity/quality or altered interactions with higher trophic levels. Here we show that future atmospheric conditio...
Because relatedness is high and dispersal is limited, one would expect to see higher levels of altruistic behaviour among clonal organisms than among animals of lesser relatedness. Enigmatically, however, parthenogenetic aphids do not emit alarm signals when a predator first enters a colony but only after being captured. Here, we report that an aph...
Leschenaultia exul (Townsend) and Patelloa pachypyga (Aldrich & Webber) (Diptera: Tachinidae) are the principal larval parasitoids of the forest tent caterpillar (FTC) Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in Canada. The response of these two fly species to M. disstria differs depending on the tree species on which the host feed...
Female mosquitoes dramatically increase their mass when blood feeding on their hosts. Such an increase could impact mosquito mortality risk by reducing escape speed and/or agility. We used two laboratory-based experiments to test this notion. In the first, we allowed mature female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to feed from 0 to 4 min and then attack...
Mutualistic interactions are dynamic associations that vary depending on the costs and benefits to each of the interacting parties. Phenotypic plasticity in mutualistic interactions allows organisms to produce rewards to attract mutualists when the benefits of their presence outweigh the costs of producing the rewards. In ant–plant defensive mutual...
Abstract 1. Aphids often emit cornicle droplets when attacked by predators. While the function of cornicle droplets has long been debated (i.e. mechanical protection vs. chemical signalling), it is not understood why aphid species have cornicles of different lengths.
2. It was hypothesised that aphids living in more scattered colonies have longer c...
Aphids possess unique anatomical structures called cornicles through which a defensive secretion containing alarm pheromone is often emitted when a predator attacks an aphid. The levels of alarm pheromone in cornicle droplets from the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), vary considerably during development; however, it is not clear how the len...
When attacked by a predator, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, emit an alarm pheromone, (E)-β-farnesene, which causes nearby conspecifics to disperse from the area. However, herbivore-damaged plants also emit (E)-β-farnesene. We hypothesized that plants release farnesene to habituate aphids, i.e., to disrupt their alarm-pheromone responses, perhaps...
We detennined if mature ladybirds use colour to initially find suitable host plants. We also determined whether ladybird beetles are capable of associating characteristics such as colour with the presence of prey. Here, we show that the multicolourtrl Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, has a differential response to yellow compared to green...
An increasing number of researchers are studying behaviour in the hopes of understanding population dynamics or improving biological control efforts of insect pests by natural enemies. However, it is unclear exactly how behavioural studies will improve our understanding of these population level processes. In this paper we argue that in order to un...
When attacked by a predator, aphids of many species secrete cornicle droplets, containing an alarm pheromone, that results in the dispersal of nearby conspecifics. As females are parthenogenetic, alarm signaling functions to enhance the survival of clone-mates. Enigmatically, however, aphids are physically able to, but usually do not emit alarm phe...
When attacked by a predator, an aphid may secrete a droplet of fluid from its cornicles containing a volatile alarm pheromone component, (E)--farnesene. This study investigated both qualitative and quantitative aspects of alarm pheromone production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. The best predictor of cornicle droplet emission was reproducti...
An increasing number of researchers are studying behaviour in the hopes of understanding population dynamics or improving biological control efforts of insect pests by natural enemies. However, it is unclear exactly how behavioural studies will improve our understanding of these population level processes. In this paper we argue that in order to un...
Citations
... Predation on native insects from Minimal research has been conducted into how the presence of open wounds on carcasses influences their use by invasive and native insects. Both Meehan et al., (2005) and Munro et al., (2019) revealed that flies occur in higher abundance when carrion is split open, due to the enhanced release of olfactory signals. It is logical then that if carcasses have open wounds, this may also intensify invasive wasp activity and their predatory impacts on flies. ...
... Кроме того, виды тли тоже различаются по реакции на повышение концентрации СО 2 [188], что, в свою очередь, может оказать влияние как на внутри-, так и межвидовую конкуренцию насекомых. Заслуживают также внимания данные, согласно которым энтомофаги становятся более активными врагами тли при повышенной концентрации СО 2 [43,188] и что тли становятся менее чувствительными к феромонам в этих условиях [102,189]. Все это может усиливать негативный эффект тлей на метаболизм растения-хозяина [190]. ...
... The study on population dynamics of aphids has long been of interest to scientists and crop producers because of the destruction that aphids cause in agricultural crops (Mondor and Roitberg 2000). The polyphagous cosmopolitan aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), not only remove nutrients from phloem of the plants, but is also capable of transmitting plant viruses (Blackman and Eastop 1984). ...
... The only species that produced fewer extrafloral nectaries was S. surattensis, the one that bears multiple nectaries per leaf; all other species we studied have only one. Multiple nectaries may be a more labile trait and are a characteristic of other species that have been found to produce more nectaries with defoliation, such as Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae) [41], Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) [29], Prunus avium (Rosaceae) [40], and Vicia faba (Fabaceae) [38,43]. However, the response of S. surattensis was to produce fewer, not more, foliar nectaries with higher levels of defoliation. ...
... Land use and cover change directly affect biotic diversity (Andrieu et al., 2007;Seabrook et al., 2007), contribute to local and regional climate change (IPCC, 2001) as well as to global climate warming (IPCC, 2007), and is a primary source of soil degradation (Ruysschaert et al., 2007). Land use change also contributes to regional and global changes in atmospheric composition (IPCC, 2007) thus affecting the quality and quantity of primary production (Lindroth et al., 2009). Changes in atmospheric composition directs new forms of plant growth and chemical composition that not only affect livestock production, but also influence trophic interactions that may accelerate further land use changes. ...
... Similarly, pea aphids reared in isolation produce less EBF, ostensibly because they conserve the cost of its production when conspecifics are not present to benefit from alarm signaling (111). EBF emission events have been shown to induce instar-and genotype-specific responses that collectively alter the spatial organization of aphid colonies to generate defensive benefits (27,51). ...
... Plant-associated rhizobial symbionts have been shown to not only fix atmospheric nitrogen supporting their host's primary metabolism but also to affect a wide variety of indirect and direct plant defenses (Summers and Mondor 2011;(Ballhorn et al. 2013c;Dean et al. 2014;Godschalx et al. 2015). Indirect plant defenses include extrafloral nectar (EFN) and the release of air-borne signaling molecules (VOCs; volatile organic compounds) that attract predators and parasitoids of herbivorous invertebrates (Turlings et al. 1990;Thaler 1999;Turlings and Wäckers 2004). ...
... • Aphid Cornicles and Their Secretions host plants (22), indicating that sequestered plant compounds may synergize or modify responses to EBF. The ontogeny of alarm pheromone production in the pea aphid mirrors the proportional elongation of cornicles across developmental stages (69), which peaks between the second and fourth instars, when secretion events are more frequent (66). In Rhopalosiphum padi, synthesis of EBF begins in the embryo stage and is modulated by the developmental environment, specifically the presence of conspecifics; aphids reared in solitude produce lower levels, likely reflecting the social functions of this compound (100). ...
... In the absence of predation pressure, the release of Eβf in their constitutive volatile emissions might be advantageous for plants to reduce herbivory pressure in, at least, three different ways ): (i) plants might directly avoid the settling of aphids by repelling them via the continuous release of their alarm signal; (ii) plants might disrupt the feeding episodes of aphids, reducing the direct fi tness of aphids; or (iii) plants might infl uence the production of winged offspring, reducing herbivory pressure. Moreover, plants might also habituate aphids to this semiochemical and make them less reactive to short-or long-term release events of Eβf (Petrescu et al. 2001, or might enhance the attraction of natural enemies (see below). ...
... Forensic entomologists debate the exact nature of what it is they provide to a death investigation by analyzing insect evidence (Catts 1992;Wallace et al. 2006, Tomberlin et al. 2011Amendt et al. 2007;Huntington et al. 2007;Wells 2013Wells , 2014aCampobasso and Introna 2014;Michaud et al. 2014;Tarone et al. 2014). If one stays in the field long enough, it becomes clear that such conversations can range from polite and professional, to disrespectful and angry. ...