E. Helios Rybicka’s scientific contributions

The saturated with the metal ions (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Tl, Ag, Hg) clay minerals were treated by aqueous H 2 S solution under controlled Eh and pH conditions. The heavy metals ions were released and precipitated at 80 o C as sulphides, in most cases appeared to be crystalline. They often form coatings or crystals overgrown on clay minerals or form tight intergroths with clay particles. After 5 days the well crystallised sulphides are formed; covellite-CuS, galena-PbS and sphalerite ZnS were identified by X-ray method. The microscope observations revealed some other Cu-Fe-minerals like chalcopyrite-CuFeS 2 , idaite, bornite. The native copper and pyrite were also observed. Cadmium formed hawleyite-CdS, whereas the crystals of greenockite were rarely found in the reaction products. Mercury react very quickly with S 2-ions and in the heavy fraction of reaction product the metacinnabar-HgS has been determined. The numbers of thallium sulphides were obtained: TlS, Tl 2 S-carlinite, Tl

Clay minerals saturated with metal ions: Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Tl, Ag, Hg, were treated by H2S solutions under controlled Eh and pH. The metal ions were released and precipitated at 80 oC as sulphides, which appeard mainly to be crystalline; offen formed coatings or crystals overgrown on clay minerals: CuS, PbS and ZnS, but alsoCu-Fe-minerals: chalcopyrite CuFeS2, idaite and bornite. Cadmium formed hawleite (CdS), mercury the metacinobar (HgS). Several thallium sulphides were obtained: TlS, Tl2S (carlinite), Tl2S5, Tl4S3 and TlFeS2 (raquinite), Cu2TlS3, AgTlS, AgTlS2.

An extraction sequence in three steps with three extractans was used to removal of Fe-oxide coatings from kaolinit, , illite, mixed layer smectite/illite. The CEC shows no significant change for smectite/illite, a smal increasefor kaolinite after treatment with thr extractants.

The mobilisation and transfer of Cu and Pb from polluted soils (Samples were taken from the visinity of copper smelter). The system consists of central which contained the soil suspension and six external chambers containing the different sorbents: zeolite, smectite, vermiculite, dolomite and halloysite. The Cu is mobilised to a higher degree than Pb.The Cu ist mobilised to a higher degree than Pb. The distribution of Cu is dominated by transfer and readsorption on smectite and zeolite and also on halloysiteand smectite as well.

We have showed the abstract! That ware only abstracts of Workshop for Initiation of the Mine Water Pollution in Lausanne, Switzerland

Sequential chemical extraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), showed that the soil samples contained 7400 and 1960 mg/kg of copper and lead.

During the last decade the floods in some of the European River catchment areas, e.g. the Oder River (1997) and the Elbe River (2002), have revealed very wide spectrum of problems with contaminated sediments. During floods, contaminants bound with river solids can undergo very wide dispersion in food plains, polders, agricultural areas as well as urban and other residential areas. Very wide investigations of aquatic sediments have shown that for sediment assessment few components should be considered. The most important are the physicochemical properties of sediments and their bioaccumulation capacity. Studies of the Odra river sediments carried out during five sampling periods in the years 1997-2000, showed that the sediment assessment approach should be verified.