E A Vishlenkova’s research while affiliated with Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich and other places

In the history of the Russian pharmaceutical market the year of 1993 became the year of formation of rules of market relations and changing under them of market landscape. The significant segment of state-centralized purchases moved under responsibility of regional authorities and their health care authorities. At that, powers of three former state organizations being occupied with purchases of imported medications were distributed between new state companies of Ministry of Health and commercial organizations and firms that entered pharmaceutical market. This diversity rather soon gave rise to competitive fight for budget funds and experiments of Government with market regulation. The traces of these clashes and attempts to make market regulated can be found in Ministry of Health archives and journal publications. The Report I reveals circumstances of entrance of Ministry of Health into market relationships and its acquisition of market player identity.

The year of 1992 is very important milestone in history of Russian pharmaceutical market. It began not in January 1922, but in December 1991, when the President and Government enactments to open free market for medications were promulgated. The advisers of B. N. Yeltsin considered market economy as reliable mean to overcome medicinal deficiencies, corruption and bureaucratic monopoly. However, panacea did not work. Moreover, it caused completely new problems. The human and state security implies protection from threats of dependencies. The unprepared dive into market plunged Russians and the country into severe dependence on import of medications and foreign pharmaceutical companies. The proposed study expands our publications in this journal and in journal “Pharmacy” in 2022. At that time, analysis of medication scarcity was implemented on the basis of published sources and relied on journalistic evidences. The current study is carried out on the basis of archival documents of the Ministry of Health Care of the Russian Federation and authors interviews of representatives of regulator. The second report reconstructs the sequence of the emergence and correlation of the structural elements of the Russian pharmaceutical market.

The article considers the issue of the restrictions imposed by the government in the 2010s into process of introducing and promoting medications at the market by means of medical representatives. The government decided to formalize relationships of pharmaceutical manufacturers with consumers of medications. On the one hand, such a trend was occurring all over the world and was stimulated by social attacks at Big Pharma under slogan "the conflict of interests". On the other hand, at the Russian pharmaceutical market, the restrictions of direct contacts of pharmaceutical manufacturers with physicians and and pharmaceutists were supported above all by national manufacturers of medicines. In the course of competition, vast army of Russian medical representatives was stigmatized that made many medics either to leave pharmaceutical market or to limit themselves to formal duties.

The authors of the book under discussion on the forum speculate on subject matters and difficulties of their own and collective studies of the Soviet past. The reviews of the book prompted authors not only to reveal creative concepts, analytical approaches and methods, but also to assess state of the research field "History of the Soviet health care", its trends and deficiencies and to suggest main directions of its development.

The article (the third one in author's series of historical studies of drug supply and pharmaceutical business) examines the period of economic renaissance of the Russian pharmaceutical market in the first years of the third millennium. The analysis of state of the market based on data from Russian analytical agencies, medical periodicals and recollections of participants is presented. The article consists of three reports. The first one considered "field players" of the pharmaceutical market (owners of different types of pharmaceutical business). The second one dealt with all the personnel serving the market game (Russian employees of pharmaceutical companies) and their reflection of the new, post-Soviet experience of living in private business. The third report covers issue of "spectators and judges" i.e. consumers in broad sense of word: from state to buyers of pharmacy medications. The conflicting interests of state structures and officials who played double role (bulk buyers and regulators) as well as needs and problems of retail consumers of pharmaceutical production are demonstrated.

The article (the third one of authors cycle of historical studies of medication supply and pharmaceutical business) examines period of economic renaissance of the Russian pharmaceutical market in the first years of third millennium. The state of market according data of Russian analytical agencies, medical periodicals and recollections of participants is considered. The article consists of three reports. In the first report the issue was the "field players" of pharmaceutical market, and in the second one - all the personnel serving market game, making it possible, their reflections on their new, post-Soviet experience of life in private business.

The authors present a triptych of articles revealing various aspects of Kremlin medicine - the system of Soviet health care designed exclusively for the political elite of the USSR and its associated countries and communist parties, as well as for the scientific and cultural elite. The third presentation deals with the relationship between doctors and patients in the space of elite health care, the behavior of partycrats in hospitals and Soviet intellectuals in privileged sanatoriums and rest homes, the perception and memory of doctors about their eminent patients, and the relationship of patients to one another. This aspect of Kremlin medicine helps to understand Soviet social life, where a person's status was determined by his access to the limited resources of the state. Judging by the surviving statements in diaries and memoirs, access to elite medicine engendered the loyalty of Kremlin patients to the «party top» and arrogance to the «population.