Dinesh Narayan Verma’s scientific contributions

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Publications (2)


Reform and Resistance for Freedom: Tribes Against the British Rule in India
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January 2022

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39 Reads

Maguni Charan Behera

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Dinesh Narayan Verma

In Indian history one of the crucial dimensions of tribal relations with the British reflects in resentment and protest against the former. The protest is recorded primarily as armed struggle which is evident from such dictions as tribal revolt, insurrection, insurgency, uprising, etc. The petition mode of protest which the Bhils and Santals, if we see the history, had adopted did not get prominence. Similarly, reform mode of protest launched by Bhagirath Manjhi, Birsa Munda, Jatra Oraon, Govind Giri (Guru). Haikou Jadonang and Rani Gaidinliu did not get due place in the history of tribal resistance to colonial rule. Instead, protests through reform have been presented as revival or socio-religious movements. In the beginning of these movements socio-religious reforms appeared prominent which attracted huge followers. But subsequently, leaders of the movement directed the course to resist all types of exploitation in the colonial rule which they also justified through religious teachings. They exhorted their followers not to pay tax, supply forced labour, etc. This not only changed the form of the movement but linked it with the then ongoing struggle for Independence. Tribal freedom fighters joined various phases of the freedom struggle of the nation and played crucial role therein. It is therefore argued that resistance with socio-religious reform was a tribal strategy of freedom from colonial rule and claims an understanding in totality and in pan-Indian context. In view of this, five reform movements under the messianic leadership of Bhagirath Manjhi, Birsa Munda, Jatra Oraon, Govind Giri (Guru) Jadonang and Rani Gaidinliu have been examined in this paper.KeywordsForeign ruleTribal resistanceMass resistanceCapital punishmentSocio-religious movementsEast India companyPolitical disturbanceFreedom movementBritish GovernmentPolitical agitationChristian missionariesMoneylenders


Sapha Hor Movement in Santal Parganas (1870–1871): Colonial Legacy and Its Contemporary Implications

January 2022

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14 Reads

We learn from history that the Santal Insurrection of 1855–1856 was thoroughly crushed by the military and civil officials of the East India Company. But the period following the suppression of Insurrection was not at all peaceful as the Mahajans and Zamindars were still active with their oppressive games in Santal Parganas. As a result of this, within five years there emerged an agitation among the Santals especially over excessive rent problem in 1861, and the British Government was so terrorized that its officials took immediate steps to pacify the agitated Santals. The mass upsurge of the Santals, however, seemed to be then finally checked and controlled, but the entire Santal society was gradually but surely moving towards a much more bigger agitation as they very soon began to feel the need for revitalization of their society. Historically, the realization was in fact the beginning of a new era of tribal consciousness among the Santals in Santal Parganas of Jharkhand. The consciousness itself nicely and gloriously manifested in peaceful socio-religious reform movement called Sapha Hor Movement. It is also called Kharwar Movement started under the messianic leadership of Bhagirath Manjhi. Later on the movement began to turn political as its leader demanded a Santal Raj, the British Government arrested Bhagirath Manjhi and imprisoned him. Dubia Gosain also played a key role in spreading the movement in Hazaribagh as he and his followers adopted the teachings and methods of Bhagirath Manjhi. The British Government always attempted to finally quell the movement but could not be successful as the Sapha Hors again and again got agitated and also joined the successive phases of freedom struggle in Santal Parganas. Even after Independence the movement continued and turned to its original form of socio-religious reform movement as the thousands of Sahpa Hors still practice and follow the preaching of its leaders.KeywordsActMahajanZamindarSantalsSantal ParganasMovementManjhiSapha HorsKharwarsBongasGodStruggleRentBabajiBhagalpurSocio-religiousBritish governmentOfficialsLandAgitationPoliticalVillageHinduismVillage headmen