David P McCabe’s research while affiliated with Colorado State University and other places

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Publications (47)


Figure 1. Process estimates derived from reasoning span performance (Experiment 1) and Brown-Peterson span performance (Experiment 2). Error bars reflect one standard error of the mean. 
Using the process dissociation procedure to estimate recollection and familiarity in working memory: An experimental and individual differences investigation
  • Article
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April 2015

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284 Reads

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7 Citations

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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Matthew G. Rhodes

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David P. McCabe

Although complex span tasks are believed to require controlled attention, many studies have indicated the effects of automaticity on working memory (WM) measures. In two experiments, we disentangled recollection and familiarity using an adaptation of the process dissociation procedure). In two blocks of reasoning span (Experiment 1) and Brown-Peterson span (Experiment 2) tasks, participants studied five discrete to-be-remembered digits (0-9) for either 1 or 3 sec while also solving reasoning problems (Does B follow C? BC). Participants were instructed to report the five presented digits (inclusion) or the five digits that were not presented (exclusion). Estimates of recollection but not familiarity differed as a function of presentation rate. Furthermore, recollection was more reliable than the typically used inclusion performance and strongly related to fluid intelligence. These results help to elucidate the functionally distinct roles of recollection and familiarity in WM.

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Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory

June 2014

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231 Reads

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44 Citations

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

The McCabe effect (McCabe, Journal of Memory and Language 58:480-494, 2008) refers to an advantage in episodic memory (EM) retrieval for memoranda studied in complex span versus simple span tasks, particularly for memoranda presented in earlier serial positions. This finding has been attributed to the necessity to refresh memoranda during complex span tasks that, in turn, promotes content-context binding in working memory (WM). Several frameworks have conceptualized WM as being embedded in long-term memory. Thus, refreshing may be less efficient when memoranda are not well-established in long-term semantic memory (SM). To investigate this, we presented words and nonwords in simple and complex span trials in order to manipulate the long-term semantic representations of the memoranda with the requirement to refresh the memoranda during WM. A recognition test was administered that required participants to make a remember-know decision for each memorandum recognized as old. The results replicated the McCabe effect, but only for words, and the beneficial effect of refreshing opportunities was exclusive to recollection. These results extend previous research by indicating that the predictive relationship between WM refreshing and long-term EM is specific to recollection and, furthermore, moderated by representations in long-term SM. This supports the predictions of WM frameworks that espouse the importance of refreshing in content-context binding, but also those that view WM as being an activated subset of and, therefore, constrained by the contents of long-term memory.


Figure 1 . The mean proportion recalled as a function of point value (in groups of 3) in Experiment 1. Errors bars re fl ect one standard error of the mean. 
Figure 2 . The mean remembered value and actual value for words that were initially remembered and words that were initially forgotten in Experiment 1. Errors bars re fl ect one standard error of the mean. 
Figure 3 . The mean proportion recalled as a function of the subjective value (in groups of 2) in Experiment 2. Errors bars re fl ect one standard error of the mean. 
Figure 4 . The mean remembered value and actual value for words that were initially remembered and words that were initially forgotten in Experiment 2. Errors bars re fl ect one standard error of the mean. 
The fate of being forgotten: Information that is initially forgotten is judged as less important

November 2012

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138 Reads

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12 Citations

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

Alan D Castel

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Matthew G Rhodes

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David P McCabe

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[...]

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Is forgotten information deemed less important than remembered information? The present study examined potential biases regarding the importance of information that was initially forgotten. In Experiment 1 participants studied words paired with varying point values that denoted their importance and were encouraged to recall higher value words. Participants recalled more high-value words on an initial test. However, on a later cued recall test for the values, initially forgotten words were rated as less valuable than remembered words. Experiment 2 used a similar procedure with the exception that participants rated the importance of traits when evaluating a significant other (e.g., honest, intelligent). Participants were more likely to recall highly valued traits but regarded forgotten traits as less valuable than remembered traits. These results suggest that a forgetting bias exists: If information is initially forgotten, it is later deemed as less important.


FIGURE 1. Reading task conditions of the operation span used in Experiment 1. These operations are presented three more times within each respective trial, with each operation followed by a word to remember presented for 1000 ms.  
TABLE 2. Proportions of reported strategies collapsed into effective and ineffective strategies as a function of reading condition and age group in Experiment 1 
TABLE 3. Experiment 1 recall performance as a function of strategy type 
FIGURE 4. Proportion of delayed recall performance as a function of attentional refreshing opportunities for both age groups. Error bars denote one standard error around the mean.  
The influence of aging on attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal during working memory on later episodic memory performance

November 2012

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306 Reads

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66 Citations

Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition

ABSTRACT We investigated age-related changes in two proposed mechanisms of maintenance in working memory, articulatory rehearsal, and attentional refreshing, by examining the consequences of manipulating the opportunity for each on delayed recall. Both experiments utilized modified operation span tasks to vary the opportunity for articulatory rehearsal (Experiment 1) and attentional refreshing opportunities (Experiment 2). In both experiments, episodic memory was tested for items that had been initially studied during the respective operation span task. Older adults' episodic memory benefited less from opportunities for refreshing than younger adults. In contrast, articulatory rehearsal opportunities did not influence episodic memory for either age group. The results suggest that attentional refreshing, and not articulatory rehearsal, is important during working memory in order to bind more accessible traces at later tests, which appears to be more deficient in older adults than younger adults.



Figure 1. Mean response times in the serial reaction time task (SRTT) by training block and sequence. Closed symbols represent blocks with the trained sequence, and open symbols represent the transfer to a novel sequence. Error bars represent one standard error. 
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Evidence of automatic processing in sequence learning using process-dissociation

June 2012

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211 Reads

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5 Citations

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

This paper proposes a way to apply process-dissociation to sequence learning in addition and extension to the approach used by Destrebecqz and Cleeremans (2001). Participants were trained on two sequences separated from each other by a short break. Following training, participants self-reported their knowledge of the sequences. A recognition test was then performed which required discrimination of two trained sequences, either under the instructions to call any sequence encountered in the experiment "old" (the inclusion condition), or only sequence fragments from one half of the experiment "old" (the exclusion condition). The recognition test elicited automatic and controlled process estimates using the process dissociation procedure, and suggested both processes were involved. Examining the underlying processes supporting performance may provide more information on the fundamental aspects of the implicit and explicit constructs than has been attainable through awareness testing.


Older Adults Predict More Recollective Experiences Than Younger Adults

June 2012

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22 Reads

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23 Citations

Psychology and Aging

We investigated whether older adults could successfully monitor age-related declines in recollection that are typically found on episodic memory tests. In two experiments, we elicited prospective metamemory judgments based on the remember-know procedure, called Judgments of Remembering and Knowing (JORKs). That is, participants predicted whether word pairs would be remembered (i.e., accompanied by recollective details), known (i.e., have a sense of familiarity devoid of recollective details), or forgotten, on a later test. Compared with actual test performance, older adults were highly overconfident in predicting remembering, whereas younger adults' predictions more closely corresponded with actual remembering. These data suggest that older adults have difficulties monitoring age-related declines in recollection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).


Fig. 2.2. Performance on easy compared to difficult inhibition task composite scores by extraversion grouping.
Table 2 Means and standard deviations for the executive function tasks.
performance on the composite scores, for easy and difficult conditions of the updating and inhibition tasks based on personality grouping.
Executive functions and extraversion

October 2011

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1,305 Reads

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69 Citations

Personality and Individual Differences

Executive functions and extraversion have been linked to similar neurological substrates. Participants were tested on a variety of tasks that assessed performance on three components of executive functioning (i.e., shifting, updating, and inhibition) and two measures of extraversion (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised and Carver and White’s BIS/BAS scales). More extraverted participants showed different patterns of executive function performance than the more introverted participants. Extraverts performed best on more difficult tasks and on updating tasks. Conversely, introverts performed best on set shifting tasks. These results suggest that executive functioning strengths differ based on degree of extraversion.


On the validity of remember-know judgments: Evidence from think aloud protocols

September 2011

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125 Reads

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36 Citations

Consciousness and Cognition

The use of remember-know judgments to assess subjective experience associated with memory retrieval, or as measures of recollection and familiarity processes, has been controversial. In the current study we had participants think aloud during study and provide verbal reports at test for remember-know and confidence (i.e., sure-probably) judgments. Results indicated that the vast majority of remember judgments for studied items were associated with recollection from study (87%), but this correspondence was less likely for high-confidence judgments (72%). Instead, high-confidence judgments were more likely than remember judgments to be associated with incorrect recollection and a lack of recollection. Know judgments were typically associated with a lack of recollection (62%), but still included recollection from the study context (33%). Thus, although remember judgments provided fairly accurate assessments of retrieval including contextual details, know judgments did not provide accurate assessments of retrieval lacking contextual details.


Table 1 Immediate recall performance for Experiments 1 and 2 as a function of trial type and scoring method 
Fig. 3 Conditional response probability curves for immediate free recall as a function of trial type in Experiment 2. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. Note that supraspan list length trials of simple span only show the lag up to ±3 for the sake of brevity  
Fig. 4 Conditional response probability curves for delayed free recall as a function of trial type in Experiment 2. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. Note that supraspan list length trials of simple span only show the lag up to ±3 for the sake of brevity  
Fig. 5 An illustration of the three trial types included in Experiment 3: (a) spaced retrieval, (b) words last, and (c) words first. Note that the words-last and words-first conditions involve massed presentation, whereas the spaced-retrieval condition involves spaced presentation. The number markers indicate the number of attentional refreshing opportunities afforded by the trial for each serial position  
Fig. 6 Immediate (span task) and delayed recall for items processed during the words-last (word span), spaced-retrieval (operation span), and words-first conditions of the span task in Experiment 3. Bars represent one standard error of the mean  
Temporal–contextual processing in working memory: Evidence from delayed cued recall and delayed free recall tests

September 2011

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294 Reads

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101 Citations

Memory & Cognition

Three experiments are reported that addressed the nature of processing in working memory by investigating patterns of delayed cued recall and free recall of items initially studied during complex and simple span tasks. In Experiment 1, items initially studied during a complex span task (i.e., operation span) were more likely to be recalled after a delay in response to temporal-contextual cues, relative to items from subspan and supraspan list lengths in a simple span task (i.e., word span). In Experiment 2, items initially studied during operation span were more likely to be recalled from neighboring serial positions during delayed free recall than were items studied during word span trials. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the number of attentional refreshing opportunities strongly predicts episodic memory performance, regardless of whether the information is presented in a spaced or massed format in a modified operation span task. The results indicate that the content-context bindings created during complex span trials reflect attentional refreshing opportunities that are used to maintain items in working memory.


Citations (44)


... The structure and content of the book embody or enact the view that in psychology there is a hierarchy of methods with experimental research at the top. In Chapter 2 (Roediger & McCabe, 2007), the authors begin their essay on critical thinking by quoting Boring (1929) approvingly: "The application of the experimental method to the problem of mind is the great outstanding event in the study of the mind, an event to which no other is comparable" (Boring, 1929, quoted in Roediger & McCabe, 2007). Roediger studies cognition and memory, so one could arguably accept the premise that experimental laboratory procedures are appropriate to study these phenomena, and thus appreciate the necessity of focusing on the kinds of critical rigor he explicates (although they also can be, and are being, studied as emergent sociocultural phenomena using phenomenological and other qualitative methods). ...

Reference:

Critical Thinking and the End(s) of Psychology
Evaluating Experimental Research: Critical Issues

... We are only aware of a single study having analyzed WM retrieval processes in such paradigms (Loaiza et al., 2015). Loaiza et al. used the process dissociation procedure (PDP) in a task in which participants had to maintain series of five digits while solving a reasoning problem after each digit. ...

Using the process dissociation procedure to estimate recollection and familiarity in working memory: An experimental and individual differences investigation

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

... For example, Hulme et al. (1995) presented lists of words and non-words to manipulate the representations of items in long-term memory and found that memory span for immediate recall tasks was significantly higher for words than for non-words (see also Camos et al., 2019). It was argued that this benefit reflects contributions of semantic long-term memory to task performance (see also Hulme et al., 1991;Loaiza, Duperreault, et al., 2015). Similarly, manipulated the meaningfulness of to-be-remembered words, including words that young adults would or would not be likely to know (e.g., current vs outdated). ...

Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

... In a similar line of research, Karpicke, McCabe, and Roediger (2006) examined the effects of repeated retrieval practice with a variant of process dissociation developed to estimate recollection and automatic retrieval in free recall (McCabe, Roediger, & Karpicke, 2011). Subjects studied four lists, each containing 20 items from a single category (e.g., 20 four-legged animals). ...

Testing Enhances Recollection: Process Dissociations and Metamemory Judgments

... In general, results have pointed to extraverts' better performance on working memory tasks and poorer performance on inhibition and vigilance tasks [17,29,33]. However, some results suggest that extraverts perform better at more difficult tasks, presumably due to arousal increasing along with task difficulty [34]. According to DeYoung et al. [1], Openness, often described as an intellectual curiosity and preference for variety, should fundamentally be considered a cognitive trait, with the basis in brain regions responsible for declarative memory and language. ...

Executive functions and extraversion

Personality and Individual Differences

... Moreover, it seems that the most valuable or useful information people can render immune to the effects of divided-attention (Middlebrooks et al., 2017). Arguably, this ability to strategically allocate resources to valuable information is the basis for the metacognitive assumption that if we have forgotten something, it must be less valuable than something we remember (Castel et al. 2012;Rhodes et al., 2016). ...

The fate of being forgotten: Information that is initially forgotten is judged as less important

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

... Later work (e.g., Loaiza et al., 2015;Loaiza & McCabe, 2013) argued that the covert retrieval interpretation of the McCabe e ect was also consistent with an attentional refreshing account, but in an attempt to discriminate between the covert retrieval and the attentional refreshing accounts of the McCabe e ect, Loaiza and Halse (2019) examined the e ects of list length and distractors in immediate and delayed tests. ...

The influence of aging on attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal during working memory on later episodic memory performance

Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition

... Metacognitive accuracy refers to the ability of the participant to discriminate between their correct and incorrect responses in the second-order responses that they give. Most of the above studies have estimated metacognitve accuracy with correlations (e.g., Soderstrom et al., 2012;Souchay et al., 2007;Thomas et al., 2011;Vannini et al., 2019). For instance, the gamma correlation (Goodman & Kruskal, 1979) estimates metacognitive accuracy as a difference in the number of congruent responses (e.g., high confidence and right answer) compared to incongruent responses (e.g., high confidence and wrong answer). ...

Older Adults Predict More Recollective Experiences Than Younger Adults

Psychology and Aging

... Nevertheless, they also often fail to avoid producing the practice sequence when responding to the exclusion instruction, suggesting that the expression of this knowledge falls outside of their intentional control. Hence, the new generation task clearly confirms the implicit nature of the acquired knowledge in SRT tasks, which is why this procedure has been widely used since the publication of Destrebecqz and Cleeremans's article (Abrahamse, Lubbe, Verwey, Szumska, & Jaskowski, 2012;Dennis, Howard, & Howard, 2006;Deroost & Coomans, 2018;Ferdinand, Mecklinger, & Kray, 2008;Fu, Bin, Dienes, Fu, & Gao, 2013;Fu, Fu, & Dienes, 2008;Gheysen, Gevers, De Schutter, Van Waelvelde, & Fias, 2009;Gheysen, Van Opstal, Roggeman, Van Waelvelde, & Fias, 2010;Goschke & Bolte, 2012;Guzmán Muñoz, 2018;Haider, Eichler, & Lange, 2011;Mong, McCabe, & Clegg, 2012;Saevland & Norman, 2016;Shanks, Rowland, & Ranger, 2005;Viczko, Sergeeva, Ray, Owen, & Fogel, 2018;Wilkinson & Shanks, 2004). ...

Evidence of automatic processing in sequence learning using process-dissociation

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

... A large body of evidence indicates that the recognition performance of aging people is characterized by a tendency for false alarms [44][45][46][47] False alarms appear to be related to an increased reliance on familiarity rather than a decrease in recollection-based recognition 44,48 . In line with this previous evidence, our older versus younger participants committed significantly more false alarms. ...

Aging reduces veridical remembering but increases false remembering: Neuropsychological test correlates of remember–know judgments
  • Citing Article
  • September 2009

Neuropsychologia