David M. Tokar’s research while affiliated with Central State University and other places

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Publications (53)


Structural and discriminant validity of the Career Factors Inventory
  • Article

October 2004

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73 Reads

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20 Citations

Journal of Vocational Behavior

Josephine Dickinson

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David M. Tokar

Using a sample of 350 college students, this study examined the structural and discriminant validity of the Career Factors Inventory (CFI; Chartrand, Robbins, Morrill, & Boggs, 1990), a multidimensional measure of career indecision intended to be scored for two informational indecision components (Need for Career Information and Need for Self-Knowledge) and two personal–emotional components (Career Choice Anxiety and Generalized Indecisiveness). Results of confirmatory factor analyses and correlations revealed that: (a) the underlying structure of the CFI was similar for women and men, (b) the original four-factor model corresponding to the CFI’s scoring scheme demonstrated an excellent fit to the data, (c) a non-hierarchical two-factor model and a hierarchical model were both supported by the data, and (d) the CFI demonstrated evidence of discriminant validity. Implications for career counseling and suggestions for future research are discussed.


Influencing Client Expectations About Career Counseling Using a Videotaped Intervention

June 2004

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14 Reads

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16 Citations

The Career Development Quarterly

Realistic client expectations about career counseling are essential to positive client outcomes. The authors investigated a videotaped intervention designed to influence participants' expectations about career counseling using a pretest/posttest experimental design. As measured by the Expectations About Counseling-Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982), undergraduate participants who watched the videotaped intervention significantly increased their expectations of personal commitment to career counseling and decreased their expectations of counselor expertise compared with participants who watched a control videotape. A secondary hypothesis, that changes in expectations would positively affect attitudes toward career counseling as measured by the Attitudes Toward Career Counseling Scale (A. R. Rochlen, J. J. Mohr, & B. K. Hargrove, 1999), was not supported.


The moderating effect of private self-consciousness on the stability of vocational interests

December 2003

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13 Reads

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5 Citations

Journal of Vocational Behavior

This study investigated the potential moderating effect of private self-consciousness on the stability of vocational interest inventory scores and profiles. We hypothesized that participants higher in private self-consciousness would have more stable interest scores and profiles on the Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland, Fritzsche, & Powell, 1994) across a 12-week time interval than would participants lower in private self-consciousness. Results revealed that private self-consciousness did moderate the stability of SDS Enterprising interest scores. Contrary to our hypothesis, private self-consciousness did not moderate the stability of the other five SDS interest scores or SDS interest profile stability.


Planting a tree while envisioning the forest - The recursive relation between theory and research: Reply to Blustein (2003)
  • Article
  • Publisher preview available

January 2003

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9 Reads

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2 Citations

Journal of Counseling Psychology

In his comments regarding D. M. Tokar, J. R. Withrow, R. J. Hall, and B. Moradi's (see record 2002-08430-002) article, "Psychological Separation, Attachment Security, Vocational Self-Concept Crystallization, and Career Indecision: A Structural Equation Analysis," D. L. Blustein (see record 2002-08430-003) offered several useful suggestions for future research in the area of relationship variables and career development and also raised several concerns about Tokar et al's rationale for and use of structural equation modeling in testing their models. In this reply, the authors note points of agreement with Blustein and respond to comments with which they disagree. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

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Figure 1. Hypothesized structural mediator model.
Figure 2. Basic mediator model: (a) Variable X is causally related to variable Y; path coefficient c represents the total effects of X on Y. (b) Mediator variable M intervenes as an intermediate step in the causal sequence from X to Y; path coefficients a and b represent the mediator effect, and path coefficient c represents the remaining direct effect. (c) Multiple X variables (X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , etc.) have effects on Y, which are mediated through a single mediator, M.  
Psychological Separation, Attachment Security, Vocational Self-Concept Crystallization, and Career Indecision: A Structural Equation Analysis

January 2003

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2,494 Reads

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154 Citations

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Structural equation modeling was used to test theoretically based models in which psychological separation and attachment security variables were related to career indecision and those relations were mediated through vocational self-concept crystallization. In contrast to previous studies, which have found either weak or no support for a relation between separation or attachment security variables and career indecision, results based on a sample of 350 college students indicated that some components of separation and attachment security did relate to career indecision in a theoretically supportable direction. Results also revealed that regardless of whether global or component career indecision measures were used, separation and attachment security effects on indecision were at least partially mediated through vocational self-concept crystallization. The strongest mediated relations were observed for the effects of attachment anxiety and maternal separation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


What Are Eight Popular Masculinity-Related Instruments Measuring? Underlying Dimensions and Their Relations to Sociosexuality

July 2000

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390 Reads

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61 Citations

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

Researchers have raised questions concerning the validity of masculinity-related measures in relation to existing masculine gender role theory. The current study adds to the existing knowledge concerning masculine gender role-related measures by examining 8 masculinity-related instruments representing 3 broad constructs: masculinity ideology, masculine role conflict, and gender role ideology. Four distinct dimensions, accounting for 67% of the total variance, were revealed in a sample of 162 college men. Results of multiple regression analyses predicting sociosexuality from participants' scores on the 4 factorially derived masculinity dimensions offered some preliminary convergent validity evidence for the 4 dimensions. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed, and directions for future masculinity research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


Masculine Gender Roles and Counseling-Related Variables: Links With and Mediation by Personality

July 2000

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67 Reads

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44 Citations

Journal of Counseling Psychology

The authors examined the overlap of masculine gender-role conflict and stress with personality, as organized in the 5-factor model (FFM), in a sample of 300 college men. Using a subset ( n = 173) of the total sample, the authors also revisited previously established relations of masculine gender-role conflict and stress with several counseling-related variables; there was a specific focus on the mediational role of personality in these relations. Results indicated that personality and masculine gender-role variables had 60% overlapping variance and that personality mediated 94% of the significant relations between masculinity and counseling-related variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


Table 1 Means, Standard Deviations, Internal Consistency Reliabilities, and Intercorrelations for the Gender Role Conflict Scale Subscales and Total Score
Revisiting the Structural Validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale

January 2000

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534 Reads

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42 Citations

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

Bonnie Moradi

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David M. Tokar

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[...]

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George S. Serna

Despite masculinity researchers' widespread use of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS; J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, & L.Wrightsman, 1986), the structural validity of this instrument has recently been called into question. The authors revisited the status of the GRCS's structural validity via confirmatory factor analyses of both rationally and randomly developed item parcels as well as item-level data in a sample of 702 college men. Results indicated that, consistent with previous research, O'Neil et al.'s hypothesized oblique 4-factor model did not provide a con-ventionally good tit to the item-level data. However, as expected, superior (and conventionally good) fits to the data resulted when both rational and random parcel-level models were tested. Considered collectively, the results provide strong support for the structural validity of the GRCS and suggest that it is quite appropriate for masculinity researchers to score the GRCS for O'Neil et al.'s 4 factors.


Revisiting the structural validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale.

January 2000

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33 Reads

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33 Citations

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

Despite masculinity researchers' widespread use of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS; J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, & L. Wrightsman, 1986), the structural validity of this instrument has recently been called into question. The authors revisited the status of the GRCS's structural validity via confirmatory factor analyses of both rationally and randomly developed item parcels as well as item-level data in a sample of 702 college men. Results indicated that, consistent with previous research, O'Neil et al's hypothesized oblique 4-factor model did not provide a conventionally good fit to the item-level data. However, as expected, superior (and conventionally good) fits to the data resulted when both rational and random parcel-level models were tested. Considered collectively, the results provide strong support for the structural validity of the GRCS and suggest that it is quite appropriate for masculinity researchers to score the GRCS for O'Neil et al's 4 factors.


Patterns of Expectations About Counseling: Relations to the Five‐Factor Model of Personality

April 1999

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23 Reads

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18 Citations

Journal of counseling and development: JCD

The authors sought to identify groups of students who differed in their patterns of expectations about counseling, and then to relate those groups to personality, as organized in the 5‐factor model (FFM). Results of cluster analysis of 150 female and 96 male students' responses to the Expectations About Counseling‐Brief form (EAC‐B; H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982) questionnaire revealed 5 distinct clusters. Results of discriminant analysis identified 2 FFM personality functions (A Neuroticism and Closedness and Optimism) that meaningfully discriminated among the 5 clusters. A brief interpretation is offered of each cluster that integrates information based on EAC‐B factor scores and the significant personality functions.


Citations (51)


... Previous work has shown that Chiari patients show similar levels of chronic pain to those with other traditional chronic pain syndromes (e.g., diabetic peripheral neuropathy). 33 Past research indicates that the full anterior CSF space is associated with pain in CMI patients. 30,31,34 Research consistent with this result by García et al. observed in a largely adult female sample reported that head and neck pain increased with adult age in CMI patients. ...

Reference:

Correlation of anterior CSF space in the cervical spine with Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale score in adult females
Revisiting the factor structure of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2): Evidence for a bifactor model in individuals with Chiari malformation

... Across a wide range of diverse groups of working adults, economic constraints and marginalization experiences negatively predicted decent work attainment, often mediated primarily by work volition and career adaptability. Additionally, decent work attainment strongly predicts all three types of need satisfaction, which in turn predicts higher levels of work-related well-being and mental and physical health Raque et al., 2024;Tokar et al., 2024). ...

Predictors of Work Fulfillment and General Well-Being in Workers With Chiari Malformation: The Importance of Decent Work
  • Citing Article
  • July 2023

Journal of Career Assessment

... It is also important to highlight that the playboy norm is associated with other sexually maladaptive behaviors. Specifically, stronger endorsement of the playboy norm has been linked to sexually aggressive behavior (Locke & Mahalik, 2005) as well as greater acceptance of certain rape myths (Tokar, 2023). Therefore, identifying the extent to which men endorse the playboy norm, and ultimately encouraging men to consider the role that ideology plays in their lives, may serve to inoculate them against engaging in a variety of maladaptive sexual behaviors. ...

Conformity to Masculine Norms, the Dark Tetrad, and Men’s Rape Myth Acceptance

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

... The core premise of the CCMA is that adaptable personal characteristics enhance career adaptability, which triggers adaptive behaviors, leading to more positive career outcomes (Savickas, 2013). This proposition has been supported in studies involving the general university student population (Nilforooshan, 2020;Ulaş-Kılıç & Peila-Shuster, 2023) and various disadvantaged groups (Pajic et al., 2018;Tokar et al., 2020). Similarly, the present study, conducted with FGCSs, supports this theoretical framework and aligns with existing evidence. ...

A Test of the Career Construction Theory Model of Adaptation in Adult Workers With Chiari Malformation
  • Citing Article
  • August 2019

Journal of Career Assessment

... J. Kim et al., 2022), sexual minorities , rural migrant workers (Shen et al., 2024), lowincome laborers (Kozan et al., 2019), middle-aged workers (S. Y. Kim et al., 2018), Black workers (Williams et al., 2023), and workers with chronic illness (Tokar & Kaut, 2018). ...

Predictors of decent work among workers with Chiari malformation: An empirical test of the psychology of working theory
  • Citing Article
  • January 2018

Journal of Vocational Behavior

... Above cognitive performance was determined by reaction times (RT) and accuracy for correct responses. Episodic memory was measured using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) (Allen, 2018), including short-term (RAVLT_S) and long-term memory scores (RAVLT_L). Executive function was assessed using the Trail Making Test (TMT) (Llinàs-Reglà, 2017), which includes two parts (TMT-A and TMT-B). ...

Chiari Registry Project: Assessment of Surgical Outcome on Self-Focused Attention, Pain and Delayed Recall

Psychological Medicine

... Confirmatory factor analyses supported the construct validity of the GRCS and subscales (Braverman, 1990;Hammer, McDermott, Levant, & McKelvey, 2018;Moradi, Tokar, Schaub, Jome, & Serna, 2000;Norwalk, Vandiver, White, & Englar-Carlson, 2011;O'Neil et al., 1986;Wester, Vogel, O'Neil, & Danforth, 2012), and it demonstrated good convergent validity with similar measures (Brannon & Juni, 1984;Eisler & Skidmore, 1987;Thompson & Pleck, 1986;Wade & Gelso, 1998). The GRCS total score was used in this study's primary and secondary hypotheses and analyses due to limited hypotheses in previous research on GRC subscales (O'Neil, 2015). ...

Revisiting the structural validity of the Gender Role Conflict Scale.
  • Citing Article
  • January 2000

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

... However, it is possible for responses on scales (e.g. racial identity; Fischer et al., 1998) to be negatively skewed due to self-presentation biases and socially desirable responding (Paulhus, 1991). For these reasons, we then split the sample according to the scale midpoint (i.e. using 4 as the cut point in the seven-point Likert scale) in order to elicit a more accurate categorization of the subgroups. ...

Validity and construct contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale--Long Form.
  • Citing Article
  • April 1998

Journal of Counseling Psychology

... Research on interest has found that career choice is based on interest (Lent & Brown, 2006) and that people are less likely to develop interest if they had low levels of self-efficacy and outcome expectations (Lent et al., 2008;Swan, 2015). In this regard, the empirical research of the SCCT interest and choice model applied in the context of STEM careers confirmed that the interest of computer students was well predicted by self-efficacy , whereas research from Dickinson et al. (2017) suggests that selfefficacy beliefs play a more vital role on the basis of the outcome expectations from a minority college students sample, in comparison with the direct development of their interests. Therefore, it can be concluded that interest is a core-individual factor that may have affective characteristics toward career domain activities. ...

An Examination of the Applicability of Social Cognitive Career Theory for African American College Students
  • Citing Article
  • August 2016

Journal of Career Assessment