David L Heymann's research while affiliated with London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and other places
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Publications (208)
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed enormous strain on countries around the world, exposing long-standing gaps in public health and exacerbating chronic inequities. Although research and analyses have attempted to draw important lessons on how to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response, few have examined the effect that fragmented governance for...
The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 sho...
For years, experts have warned that a global pandemic was only a matter of time. Indeed, over the past two decades, several outbreaks and pandemics, from SARS to Ebola, have tested our ability to respond to a disease threat and provided the opportunity to refine our preparedness systems. However, when a novel coronavirus with human‐to‐human transmi...
The collapse of global cooperation and a failure of international solidarity have led to many low-income and middle-income countries being denied access to molecular diagnostics in the COVID-19 pandemic response. Yet the scarcity of knowledge on the dynamics of the immune response to infection has led to hesitation on recommending the use of rapid...
The response to the novel coronavirus outbreak in China suggests that many of the lessons from the 2003 SARS epidemic have been implemented and the response improved as a consequence. Nevertheless some questions remain and not all lessons have been successful. The national and international response demonstrates the complex link between public heal...
Problem:
The Ebola virus disease crisis in West Africa revealed critical weaknesses in health policy and systems in the region, including the poor development and retention of policy leaders able to set sound policy to improve health. Innovative models for enhancing the capabilities of emerging leaders while retaining their talent in their countri...
Syndromic surveillance is a form of surveillance that generates information for public health action by collecting, analysing and interpreting routine health-related data on symptoms and clinical signs reported by patients and clinicians rather than being based on microbiologically or clinically confirmed cases. In England, a suite of national real...
In a Collection Review, Richard Hayes and colleagues discuss metrics for assessing progress in control of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the context of prior disease control programmes.
Major global events or initiatives that influenced progress in disease control efforts.
(DOCX)
Many countries show a growing willingness to use militaries in support of global health efforts. This Series paper summarises the varied roles, responsibilities, and approaches of militaries in global health, drawing on examples and case studies across peacetime, conflict, and disaster response environments. Militaries have many capabilities applic...
Many countries show a growing willingness to use militaries in support of global health efforts. This Series paper summarises the varied roles, responsibilities, and approaches of militaries in global health, drawing on examples and case studies across peacetime, conflict, and disaster response environments. Militaries have many capabilities applic...
The identification of monkeypox in 3 separate patients in the United Kingdom in September raised media and political attention on an emerging public health threat. Nigeria, whose last confirmed case of monkeypox was in 1978, is currently experiencing an unusually large and outbreak of human monkeypox cases, a 'One Human-Environmental-Animal Health'...
India was the largest consumer of antibiotics in 2010 in the world. Evidence suggests that countries with high per-capita antibiotic consumption have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. To control antibiotic resistance, not only reduction in antibiotic consumption is required, socio-economic factors like access to clean water and sanitation, reg...
In the wake of the recent west African Ebola epidemic, there is global consensus on the need for strong health systems; however, agreement is less apparent on effective mechanisms for establishing and maintaining these systems, particularly in resource-constrained settings and in the presence of multiple and sustained stresses (eg, conflict, famine...
Equitable sharing of public health surveillance data can help prevent or mitigate the effect of infectious diseases. Equitable data sharing includes working toward more equitable sharing of the public health benefits that data sharing brings and requires the engagement of those providing the data, those interpreting and using the data generated by...
Statement on public health surveillance and the call to share data.
Background: The recent increase in attention to linkages between human health, animal health, and the state of the environment has resulted in the rapid growth of networks that facilitate collaboration between these sectors. This study ascertained whether duplication of efforts is occurring across networks, which stakeholders are being engaged, and...
The first reported outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurred in 1976 in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. Antibody responses in survivors 11 years after infection have been documented. However, this report is the first characterization of anti-Ebola virus antibody persistence and neutralization capacity 40 years after infection. Using ELISAs we...
Ebola virus causes a severe haemorrhagic fever in humans with high case fatality and significant epidemic potential. The 2013–2016 outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented in scale, being larger than all previous outbreaks combined, with 28 646 reported cases and 11 323 reported deaths. It was also unique in its geographical distribution and multi...
Reports on the response to Ebola broadly agree on what needs to be done to deal with disease outbreaks. But Suerie Moon and colleagues find that the world is not yet prepared for future outbreaks
In August 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Ebola outbreak in west Africa a public health emergency of international concern, and th...
Background:
The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is a global health concern. Myanmar stands at the frontier of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum. Myanmar also has the highest reported malaria burden in Southeast Asia; it is integral in the World Health Organization's plan to eliminate malaria in Southeast Asia, yet few epide...
BACKGROUND: The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is a global health concern. Myanmar stands at the frontier of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum. Myanmar also has the highest reported malaria burden in Southeast Asia; it is integral in the World Health Organization's plan to eliminate malaria in Southeast Asia, yet few epidem...
For decades, arboviral diseases were considered to be only minor contributors to global mortality and disability. As a result, low priority was given to arbovirus research investment and related public health infrastructure. The past five decades, however, have seen an unprecedented emergence of epidemic arboviral diseases (notably dengue, chikungu...
Last week, member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) advanced another step in the nearly 1-year rigorous process of selecting its next director-general. Candidates for the position presented their vision of international health work and the role of this global health body. Having worked at WHO in a number of capacities in the area of inf...
The smallpox eradication listserv—which contains the names of many who worked in the smallpox eradication program—looks like a page from the Who's Who of public health, including many who became public health leaders during the 20th century. The listserv has been particularly active recently in sharing condolences with the family of Donald A. Hende...
Ryan and colleagues' 4 initial analysis suggests that the Quality and Outcomes Framework was associated with small reductions in a composite measure of mortality and mortality for ischaemic heart disease, and with small increases in mortality for non-targeted conditions—consistent with previous research showing improvements in process measures and...
Background:
In 1976, the first cases of Ebola virus disease in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (then referred to as Zaire) were reported. This article addresses who was responsible for recognizing the disease; recovering, identifying, and naming the virus; and describing the epidemic. Key scientific approaches used in 1976 and their rele...
Successful eradication of smallpox and the treaty to reduce smoking may suggest the way
Before global activities to eradicate smallpox were intensified in 1967 an estimated two million people were dying each year of the infection, with blindness affecting up to 30% of survivors. A thermostable vaccine made eradication possible and stopped sickness...
Involuntary migration is a crucially important global challenge from an economic, social, and public health perspective. The number of displaced people reached an unprecedented level in 2015, at a total of 60 million worldwide, with more than 1 million crossing into Europe in the past year alone. Migrants and refugees are often perceived to carry a...
All previous experiences from different mass gathering show that vaccine preventable diseases is the most important infections like influemza, hepatitis A, polio and meningitis. Three mass gathering held in Africa during the Ebola outbreak accepted participants from West Africa and was able to handle the theoretical risk without any incident. There...
In light of heavy criticism of the WHO’s handling of the Ebola outbreak, the election process for the next director general will be under intense scrutiny. Devi Sridhar and colleagues outline the key questions on epidemic preparedness for prospective candidates
When the member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) elect a new director gene...
Mass gatherings of people at religious pilgrimages and sporting events are linked to numerous health hazards including the transmission of infectious diseases, physical injuries and an impact on local and global health systems and services. As with other forms of disasters, mass gathering-related disasters are the product of the management of diffe...
When the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the recently reported clusters of microcephaly and other neurologic disorders represent a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), she called for increased research into their cause, including the question of whether the Zika virus is the source of the p...
The west African Ebola epidemic that began in 2013 exposed deep inadequacies in the national and international institutions responsible for protecting the public from the far-reaching human, social, economic, and political consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. The Ebola epidemic raised a crucial question: what reforms are needed to mend the...
The effectiveness of existing policies to control antimicrobial resistance is not yet fully understood. A strengthened evidence base is needed to inform effective policy interventions across countries with different income levels and the human health and animal sectors. We examine three policy domains—responsible use, surveillance, and infection pr...
Securing access to effective antimicrobials is one of the greatest challenges today. Until now, efforts to address this issue have been isolated and uncoordinated, with little focus on sustainable and international solutions. Global collective action is necessary to improve access to life-saving antimicrobials, conserving them, and ensuring continu...
The burden of severe pneumonia in terms of morbidity and mortality is unknown in India especially at sub-national level. In this context, we aimed to estimate the number of severe pneumonia episodes, pneumococcal pneumonia episodes and pneumonia deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2010. We adapted and parameterized a mathematical model based...
Bernard Pécoul and colleagues call for the establishment of a global biomedical R&D fund as a key priority of the G7 summit in June 2015.
The Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented in both its scale and impact. Out of this human calamity has come renewed attention to global health security--its definition, meaning, and the practical implications for programmes and policy. For example, how does a government begin to strengthen its core public health capacities,...
http://www.g7g20.com/articles/michael-edelstein-david-l-heymann-and-philip-k-angelides-ebola-and-future-health-crises-the-role-of-
This presentation highlights the use of mathematical model to estimate burden of disease in absence of surveillance data. We estimated that in 2010, 3.57 million severe pneumonia cases and 0.45 million all cause pneumonia deaths occurred in children under age 5 years. Among these cases, the contribution of pneumococcal pneumonia was 15.8% to all ca...
We conclude that rights-based approaches merit deeper consideration to advance control for air pollution worldwide at a time when air quality is notably deteriorating in many parts of the world. They provide a universal rationale and approach for action, even in the face of widely varying legal and regulatory schemes.
Background:
In the current information age, the use of data has become essential for decision making in public health at the local, national, and global level. Despite a global commitment to the use and sharing of public health data, this can be challenging in reality. No systematic framework or global operational guidelines have been created for...
Drawing on his experiences in previous outbreaks, David L. Heymann calls for rapid diagnosis, patient isolation, community engagement and clinical trials.
Emerging infectious diseases are an important public health threat and infections with pandemic potential are a major global risk. Although much has been learned from previous events the evidence for mitigating actions is not definitive and pandemic preparedness remains a political and scientific challenge. A need exists to develop trust and effect...
Religious festivals attract a large number of pilgrims from worldwide and are a potential risk for the transmission of infectious diseases between pilgrims, and to the indigenous population. The gathering of a large number of pilgrims could compromise the health system of the host country. The threat to global health security posed by infectious di...
Mass gatherings are regarded as potential risks for transmission of infectious diseases, and might compromise the health system of countries in which they are hosted. The evidence for increased transmission of infectious diseases at international sporting mass gatherings that attract many visitors from all over the world is not clear, and the evide...
Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to the wellbeing of both human and animal populations. Here, in the fifth in Veterinary Record's series of articles promoting One Health, Mathew Dixon, Osman Dar and David Heymann examine lessons learned from previous disease outbreaks; they also consider current threats and how a better understanding of un...
The revised international health regulations offer a framework that can be used by host countries to organise public health activities for mass gatherings. From June 8, to July 1, 2012, Poland and Ukraine jointly hosted the Union of European Football Associations European Football Championship Finals (Euro 2012). More than 8 million people from aro...
Anemia is a significant risk factor for poor health outcomes for both the mother and neonate; however, the determinants of anemia in many epidemiological settings are poorly understood. Using a subset of a nationally representative cluster survey (2010 Demographic and Health Survey) in combination with other non-contemporaneous survey data, the epi...
Emerging infectious diseases have the potential to cause considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic damage. David Heymann and Osman Dar explain why we need to shift the emphasis from responding to emerging infections once they are detected to preventing them from occurring in the first place and describe one initiative that is working to achie...
Individual and collective responses to health crises contribute to an orderly public health response that most times precludes the need for large-scale displacements. Restricting population movement is a largely ineffective way of containing disease, yet governments sometimes resort to it where health crises emerge.
The Value of the One Health Approach: Shifting from Emergency Response to Prevention of Zoonotic Disease Threats at Their Source, Page 1 of 2
Abstract
When an infectious disease organism from an animal breaches the species barrier to infect a human, it enters an immunologically naïve population. Depending on incompletely understood risk factors,...
This chapter discusses the concept of global health security, the key challenges it raises and the role of diplomacy in addressing them. It begins by outlining an expanded understanding of security, describing the concept of health security, including the dual aspects of societal health security and individual, or personal, health security. The pol...
This Review provides abstracts from a meeting held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on April 11-12, 2013, to celebrate the legacy of John Snow. They describe conventional and unconventional applications of epidemiological methods to problems ranging from diarrhoeal disease, mental health, cancer, and accident care, to educatio...
Rift Valley fever vaccine development.
Although Rift Valley fever is a disease that, through its wider societal effects, disproportionately affects vulnerable communities with poor resilience to economic and environmental challenge, Rift Valley fever virus has since its discovery in 1931 been neglected by major global donors and disease control programs. We describe recent outbreaks aff...
The majority of emerging infectious diseases have their source in animals, and emergence occurs at the human/animal interface, when infections in animals breech the species barrier to infect humans, the population in which they are often first identified. The response is frequently characterized by a series of emergency activities to contain and ma...
More than 60% of human infectious diseases are caused by pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals. Zoonotic disease organisms include those that are endemic in human populations or enzootic in animal populations with frequent cross-species transmission to people. Some of these diseases have only emerged recently. Together, these organisms are...
The rapid advancement of genome technologies holds great promise for improving the quality and speed of clinical and public health laboratory investigations and for decreasing their cost. The latest generation of genome DNA sequencers can provide highly detailed and robust information on disease-causing microbes, and in the near future these techno...
The term ‘One Medicine’ was coined by Schwabe (1984) and focuses attention on the commonality of human and animal health. The underlying concept is traceable to the late nineteenth century, in contributions of the German pathologist and architect of social medicine Rudolf Virchow (Saunders 2000; Zinsstag and Weiss 2001). Schwabe states that there i...
Understanding which emerging infectious diseases are of international public health concern is vital. The International Health Regulations include a decision instrument to help countries determine which public health events are of international concern and require reporting to the World Health Organization (WHO) on the basis of seriousness, unusual...
Mass immunization strategies are used to protect populations by rapid vaccination of large numbers of individuals. While routine immunization of infants has become the main vaccine delivery strategy in most developing countries, mass immunization continues to be an important tool to rapidly increase the immunity in response to an impending outbreak...
Citations
... Although a great success has been achieved, with a decrease in the incidence of paralytic polio from an estimated 1000 children per day in 1988 to about 400 in 2013, progress towards eradication has been slower than expected [2]. Up to now, polio remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan, that reported 54 and 14 cases, respectively, in the year 2015. ...
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... First in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus originated in China and caused around 800 deaths worldwide, with an 11% mortality rate [2]. A decade later in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome virus was first reported in Saudi Arabia and affected 2,494 Guven people with a fatality rate of 34% [3] . And again, almost a decade later, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in late 2019 again in China and was called coronavirus disease 2019 (CO-VID- 19). ...
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... One year later, as of June 2 nd , 2021, there have been 172,045,061 confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide, with more than 3, 578,246 related deaths (Worldometer 2021). The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has also been designated as a zoonotic disease (Gollakner and Capua, 2020;Haider et al., 2020;Yoo and Yoo, 2020), which makes it the third zoonotic epidemic caused by a coronavirus in the 21st century. ...
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... There is a need for consideration to be given to the potential gap between theoretical recommendations and crowd behavior during sport mega-events (16,42). During the planning of the Adelaide Oval reopening, this was bridged by ensuring any recommendations were practical and can be easily implemented, with necessary arrangements put in place to encourage such practices. ...
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... In other reports, approximately 175 species are associated with emerging diseases, of which approximately 75% are of zoonotic origin [4]. Most of these zoonoses have occurred due to increased contact between humans and animals [5][6][7][8]. These zoonoses account for approximately 44%, 30%, 11%, 9%, and 6% of viruses or prions, bacteria or rickettsia, protozoa, fungi, and helminths, respectively [9]. ...
... Traditionally, hazards are identified from historical data based on a broad classification of hazards as either man-made or naturally occurring. 15 While the dependence on historical data may perhaps be sufficient for risk assessment at local MGs, there is an increased tendency to omit historically unrecognized emerging or re-emerging diseases and travel-related threats at international MGs. As such, the Jeddah tool incorporated a broader hazard identification framework. ...
... The identification of monkeypox imported in two separate travelers to the United Kingdom with one onward transmission to a health care worker in 2019 raised media and political attention on an emerging public health threat [84]. In the same year, Nigeria experienced an unusual outbreak of monkeypox, after the case was confirmed in 1978. ...
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... These small-scale approaches are unlikely to be sufficient for addressing the wider, global problem. Indeed, scholars made calls for international treaties and institutions on antibiotics similar to those on the topic of climate change (Andresen and Hoffman, 2015;Anomaly, 2010;Ardal et al., 2016;Podolsky and Lie, 2016;Premanandh et al., 2016). A notable example includes the United Nations' climate convention (UNFCCC), under which the parties negotiated the Paris Agreement (Rizvi and Hoffman, 2015). ...
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... We see a huge danger that there will be political and research initiatives in the near future that go in the right direction, but that negligence will finally take over due to psychological biases and due to political and financial priorities that may be more imminent than a pandemic where no one knows when the next will come. The headline of an international expert panel paper after the Ebola outbreak is a dire warning in this regard: 'Post-Ebola reforms: ample analysis, inadequate action' 66 . ...
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... industry was observed to thrive during the Olympics, whereas other industries did not benefit from these Games (Spilling [22]). 3 Overall, OMOTENASHI workers are reasonably anticipating an increase in income from the Tokyo Summer Olympics. ...
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