David J. Moore’s research while affiliated with University of Leeds and other places

Informal logic (IL) is an area of philosophy rich in models of communication and discourse with a heavy focus on argument and ‘dialogue games’. Computational dialectics is a maturing strand of research that is focused on implementing these dialogue games. The aim of this paper is to review research on applying IL dialogue games into human–computer dialogue design. We argue that IL dialogue games tend to have a number of attractive properties for human computer dialogue and that their computational utilization in this area has been increasing recently. Despite the strength of the case for IL, a number of important barriers need to be overcome if the potential of IL is to be fulfilled. These barriers are examined and means of overcoming them discussed.

As humans start to spend more time in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) it becomes important to study their interactions in such environments. One aspect of such interactions is personal space. To begin to address this, we have conducted empirical investigations in a non immersive virtual environment: an experiment to investigate the influence on personal space of avatar gender, and an observational study to further explore the existence of personal space. Experimental results give some evidence to suggest that avatar gender has an influence on personal space although the participants did not register high personal space invasion anxiety, contrary to what one might expect from personal space invasion in the physical world. The observational study suggests that personal space does exist in CVEs, as the users tend to maintain, in a similar way to the physical world, a distance when they are interacting with each other. Our studies provide an improved understanding of personal space in CVEs and the results can be used to further enhance the usability of these environments.

While personal space invasion anxiety has been studied widely in the physical world, little research has been conducted about it in virtual reality environments. This paper, then, discusses and evaluates the anxiety level caused by personal space invasion in a virtual reality environment (VRE) using two different methodologies. The results of the two approached did not straightforwardly parallel each other and possible reasons for that are presented and discussed.

This paper reports research concerning issues involved in adopting a computational dialectics approach to develop a human-computer dialogue system for educational debate. In particular, we propose a dialogue model and a set of computationally usable strategic heuristics to enable the computer to engage its users in debate on a controversial issue. The system operationalising the proposed dialogue model and strategy has been fully implemented. It has also been subject to initial evaluation exercises. The results of the evaluation are essentially favourable. It is anticipated that the work reported in this paper will contribute toward the development of human-computer dialogue in general and of computer-based educational debate in particular, and help to illuminate research issues in the field of dialectics itself.

We present our work on emotionally expressive avatars, animated virtual characters that can express emotions via facial expressions. Because these avatars are highly distinctive and easily recognizable, they may be used in a range of applications. In the first part of the paper we present their use in computer mediated communication where two or more people meet in virtual space, each represented by an avatar. Study results suggest that social interaction behavior from the real-world is readily transferred to the virtual world. Empathy is identified as a key component for creating a more enjoyable experience and greater harmony between users. In the second part of the paper we discuss the use of avatars as an assistive, educational and therapeutic technology for people with autism. Based on the results of a preliminary study, we provide pointers regarding how people with autism may overcome some of the limitations that characterize their condition.

This paper presents part of our wider research project concerning the design, development and evaluation of computer systems for children with autism. Research currently being carried out concerns how children with autism recognise human facial expressions of emotion and how the use of computer- based animated characters might help them in this recognition. The context for the research is a primary school unit of children with severe autism and moderate to severe learning difficulties. We present results of a preliminary study designed to establish a baseline for the abilities of each child, and describe the methodology considerations that arose during and after the study. The merit of participant observers is discussed, and links to action research are pointed out.

This paper reports research concerning issues involved in adopting a computational dialectics approach to develop a human-computer debating system for educational debate. In particular, we propose a suitable dialogue model and a set of computationally usable strategic heuristics to enable the computer to engage its users in debate on a controversial issue. The system has been fully implemented. It is anticipated that this work will contribute toward the development of human- computer dialogue in general and of computer-based educational dialogue in particular, and help to illuminate research issues in the field of dialectics itself.

Results of a field study of an open-access collaborative virtual environment in actual use suggested that awareness of others significantly increases the level of presence experienced by participants. Given the importance of copresence, this paper argues that, in the absence of other human collaborators in a collaborative virtual environment, copresence can potentially be simulated using agent technology. A controlled experiment deploying a prototype embodied conversational agent was conducted to investigate the potential of such agents to simulate copresence. This paper briefly introduces the concepts of presence and copresence, summarizes experiences drawn from the field study, reports on the controlled experiment, and discusses its results. Results suggest that even limited copresence as provided by the current prototype agent is sufficient to help users feel presence in the environment.