David G. Havlick’s research while affiliated with University of Colorado Colorado Springs and other places

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Publications (37)


Changing Climates, Conservation Genetics, and Protected Areas in the Northern Rockies
  • Article

May 2025

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6 Reads

David G. Havlick

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Christine Biermann

(a) The FAA chart for class airspace designation, and (b) an example of the FAA VFR sectional aeronautical chart.
Overall workflow.
Two-dimensional polygon data model for the prohibited airspace above the National Mall and Memorial Parks.
Two-dimensional traditional maps of (a) Special Use airspace, (b) Class airspace, and (c) Boundary airspace.
Airspace footprint polygon segmentation for MSL-relative elevation.

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Portraying the Geography of US Airspace with 3-Dimensional GIS-Based Analysis and Visualization
  • Article
  • Full-text available

January 2025

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15 Reads

The United States identifies, monitors, and defends a vast network of controlled airspaces surrounding its own and allied territories. These controlled airspaces include civilian aviation classes (A through G), drone flying regions, and special use (military) air classifications. These controlled spaces are invisible to the naked eye and often go unnoticed. Managing and portraying data that function in two and three dimensions poses significant challenges that have hindered prior analyses or geovisualizations of controlled airspaces, but we demonstrate here how many of these can be surmounted to visually represent the spatial extent and patterns of US-controlled airspace. In this paper, we demonstrate how these complex spaces can be graphically represented and highlight how cartographic and geovisual representations of often-overlooked domains contribute to a richer understanding of the reach and character of US airspace. The methods described for this work can be extended to other types of multidimensional objects and may facilitate more robust considerations of how Geographical Information Science (GIS) can be useful in analyzing and depicting airspace and territorial claims in three dimensions.

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Ecological Restoration, Genetics, Genomics, and Environmental Governance

September 2024

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20 Reads

Environment and Society

Ecological restoration increasingly relies on genetic tools and technologies to identify distinct populations, monitor populations, and even modify organisms to improve fitness. In this article, we review the role of genetic and genomic technologies in restoration and conservation, using the restoration of cutthroat trout in the Western United States as one example. Reducing restoration and conservation directives to the molecular scale often relies on a view of genes as discrete bits of information that produce controllable and predictable traits. This leads to life-and-death decisions about wildlife populations, even as measures of “pure” genes for organisms are constantly changing. We review the implications of a reductionistic approach centered on genetic composition of organisms and consider the broader relevance of these issues to the future of ecological restoration.



Revealing vertical geopolitics: Quantifying the volume of militarised restricted airspaces in the USA using GIS

May 2023

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25 Reads

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3 Citations

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

The US military maintains significant control of land and sea territory, both domestically and internationally. Extending vertically, the US military also restricts vast areas of airspace to protect its interests in training, testing, surveillance, and security. In order to convey the multidimensional extent of spatial control maintained by the US Department of Defence, in this paper we critically assess, calculate, and depict the volume of militarised restricted airspaces in the USA. Airspace restrictions vary across days, times, and spatial extent, requiring an analysis and volumetric visualisation that can account for three‐ and four‐dimensional change. Applying this analysis casts the extent and variability of US military spatial control in fuller relief and makes visible new aspects of a vertical geopolitics. The research brings important new insights and methods to bear on little‐examined attributes of US militarisation and engages increasingly relevant questions about militarised airspace and contestable claims on near space.


A Case Study of Millennials’ Attitudes Toward U.S. National Parks

January 2023

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25 Reads

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3 Citations

Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership

Visitation to some of the most popular national parks in the United States has surged in recent years, but in many national park units, attendance has declined even as the U.S. population increases. Changing demographics, patterns of visitation, maintenance needs, and inconsistent federal support raise questions about national parks’ relevance to younger generations. In particular, the attitudes of the U.S. Millennial generation are a key concern for park managers and supporters. We evaluate the views of a sample of Millennials toward America’s national parks and find that many lack basic knowledge about national parks, yet still say they value and appreciate the national park system. Land managers should respond to knowledge gaps of Millennials and pursue outreach that strategically consolidates the support of this and younger generations for a national parks system that is expected to provide ecological and cultural benefits for current and future generations.



Genetics and the Question of Purity in Cutthroat Trout Restoration

August 2021

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65 Reads

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4 Citations

Restoration Ecology

As molecular techniques become more advanced, scientists and practitioners are calling for restoration to leverage genetic and genomic approaches. We address the role of genetics in the restoration and conservation of cutthroat trout in the western U.S., where new genetic insights have upended previous assumptions about trout diversity and distribution. Drawing on a series of examples, we examine how genetically pure trout populations are identified, protected, and produced through restoration practices. In landscapes that have been profoundly impacted by human activities, genetics can offer seemingly objective metrics for restoration projects. Our case studies, however, indicate that (1) genetic purity is fragile and contingent, with notions of what genetics are “pure” for a given species or subspecies continually changing, and (2) restoration focused on achieving “genetically pure” native populations can deliberately or inadvertently obscure the socio-ecological histories of particular sites and species, even as (3) many “genetically pure” trout populations have endured on the landscape as a result of human modifications such as roads and dams. In addition to raising conceptual questions, designations of genetic purity influence policy. These include tensions between restoring connectivity and restoring genetic purity, influencing Wild and Scenic River Act designations, and the securing of water rights. Cutthroat trout restoration would benefit from adopting a broader, more holistic framework rather than fixating exclusively or primarily on genetic purity and hybridization threats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.



Therapeutic landscapes, outdoor programs for veterans, and public lands

January 2021

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61 Reads

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26 Citations

Social Science & Medicine

In recent decades, scholars have developed ideas about therapeutic landscapes that explore how social processes, symbolism, and physical features generate diverse meanings. We examine here how therapeutic landscapes are produced and utilized for outdoor programs for military veterans, particularly veterans experiencing post-traumatic stress. Outdoor programs for veterans (OPVs) provide restorative opportunities through nature immersion and outdoor recreation. OPVs involve diverse social settings, activity types, durations, geographic and land management contexts, and degrees of therapeutic intervention. In many combinations they can generate therapeutic landscapes conducive to some degree of recovery. Our analysis relies on qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews with OPV providers and participants, mental health specialists, and public land officials. Arguing against a reductionistic approach, we suggest that the diversity of OPVs and disparate character of activities, locations, and dosages may contribute in important ways to the efficacy of these programs. Ironically, the very qualities that present challenges for measuring and evaluating the benefits of OPVs may prove to be advantageous with respect to therapeutic outcomes. We highlight how public lands present a distinctive set of attributes that make them particularly well-suited to provide therapeutic opportunities, and that agency policies can shape the development of therapeutic landscapes.


Citations (25)


... Although the sophistication and awareness of remotely sensed imagery has increased dramatically in recent decades, with products such as Digital Globe, GeoEye, and Google Earth moving the view-from-above easily within reach of anyone with access to a smartphone or computer [7], there is almost no readily accessible visualization of how these spaces-from-above exist. The three-dimensional volume of these controlled airspaces has only recently been comprehensively mapped and quantified [8]; for related work in the UK, see [9,10]. This paper attends in new and more expansive ways to airspaces controlled by the US. ...

Reference:

Portraying the Geography of US Airspace with 3-Dimensional GIS-Based Analysis and Visualization
Revealing vertical geopolitics: Quantifying the volume of militarised restricted airspaces in the USA using GIS
  • Citing Article
  • May 2023

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

... Some have speculated that urban and technological activities are side-tracking them. Ruiz and Havlick (2023) found that a lack of knowledge about the park system, a perceived difficulty of access, and a fear of high cost hid real interest. Better education about the park system, competitive advertising of units accessible to population nodes, and more opportunities for student groups to visit can help overcome these negative impressions. ...

A Case Study of Millennials’ Attitudes Toward U.S. National Parks
  • Citing Article
  • January 2023

Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership

... Thus, potential negative consequences of improving connectivity may include accelerating the spread of disease and accompanying population declines (Nobert et al., 2016), invasions by non-native species (Bell et al., 2021;With, 2002), the spread of agricultural pests (Margosian et al., 2009) and the spread of maladaptive genotypes (Fitzpatrick & Reid, 2019;Lowe & Allendorf, 2010). Additionally, connecting populations that have been separated for a significant amount of time on the evolutionary scale comes with possible trade-offs in terms of loss of genetic purity of a subpopulation, reductions in fitness due to outbreeding depression or the loss of unique evolutionary lineages and adaptive capacity (Biermann & Havlick, 2021). ...

Genetics and the Question of Purity in Cutthroat Trout Restoration
  • Citing Article
  • August 2021

Restoration Ecology

... Дослідження екологічної психології та рекреації підтверджують ідею про те, що природне середовище може запропонувати відновлювальні властивості людям, які переживають хронічні захворювання. Природні ландшафти мають позитивний вплив на короткострокове відновлення після стресу та фізичних хвороб [6], а також згідно сучасних досліджень -сприяють підтримці (профілактиці) здоров'я та емоційного інтелекту. ...

Therapeutic landscapes, outdoor programs for veterans, and public lands
  • Citing Article
  • January 2021

Social Science & Medicine

... This level of interconnectivity could have enabled native Coastal Cutthroat Trout in the Middle Fork to inhabit a broader and more redundant suite of habitats and build greater resistance to consecutive stocking and introgression (portfolio effect, Schindler et al. 2010). Riverscape-scale assessments of genetic origins and environmental limitations unique to each water body could be used to evaluate the long-term viability and conservation of populations distributed across large watersheds, such as the USRW (Waples 1991;Warheit 2014;Milardi et al. 2019;Havlick and Biermann 2021). ...

Wild, Native, or Pure: Trout as Genetic Bodies
  • Citing Article
  • December 2020

Science Technology & Human Values

... While memorialising the past, Smith suggests, restoration has the potential to foster a new "sense of place", and can restore "faith and confidence in an area" (Smith 2014, 300). Whether conceived in terms of "moral restoration" (Hobbs 2013) or "ecological redemption" (Smith 2014), restoration is increasingly understood in terms of how communities can create or recover economic, cultural and social value through the processes of healing environmental (and, perhaps, its associated social and cultural) damage (Hourdequin and Havlick 2015). ...

Introduction: Ecological Restoration and Layered Landscapes
  • Citing Chapter
  • December 2015

... Outdoor programs offering different therapeutic opportunities specifically for veterans to be immersed in natural environments have increased over recent years (Derrien et al., 2020). A critical dimension of many of these programs is the connection of physical, social, and experiential elements that contribute to beneficial outcomes and create therapeutic landscapes. ...

Outdoor Programs for Veterans: Public Land Policies and Practices to Support Therapeutic Opportunities

Journal of Forestry

... Maintaining functional habitat networks as green infrastructure relies in particular on having sufficiently large protected areas as core areas. A considerable part of the remaining high conservation value nature areas in many regions of the world are located between two or more jurisdictions within border areas, which are economically peripheral, and thus less intensively managed, less fragmented, or less disturbed (Angelstam et al., 2004Pieck and Havlick, 2019;Liu et al., 2020). Given that national strictly protected areas in Europe are few, small and scattered (Parviainen et al., 2000), transboundary cooperation has, therefore, been considered a necessity (European Commission, 2013). ...

From Iron Curtain to Green Belt: Considering Central Europe as a Mnemonic Ecosystem
  • Citing Article
  • June 2019

... The results from this study demonstrate that these trees can survive and may have benefitted from fire based on the observed establishment pulses. The analysis of satellite images over time indicates that prescribed fires and other management techniques at the Big Oaks NWR have maintained some management units as early seral stages similar to army-prescribed fires [40], but other forest openings have reverted to forests [40]. We found similar induced responses in all of the hardwood species that Smith and Sutherland [19] found in their research, suggesting that these genera can survive fires, protect themselves from fungi that enter the tree, and thrive under these conditions. ...

Land use and land cover in a transitioning militarized landscape
  • Citing Article
  • April 2017

... For example, the combination of rain gardens, infiltration trenches and detention ponds tested numerically in 365 ha of the Boa Vista neighborhood in a tropical city in Joinville, Brazil, and for five selected design storms allowed a reduction in the total runoff volume of 30-75% [109]. Similarly, SWMM modeling studies assessing potential LIDs' effects on runoff reduction in the Templeton Gap watershed, Colorado, USA [110], covering permeable pavements, rain gardens and infiltration trenches, showed that the best effect, allowing 32.7% of runoff reduction, was possible using a combination of the above-mentioned LIDs. The simulated application of individual LIDs allowed a clearly lower reduction rate as follows: permeable pavements 18.8%, rain gardens 14.7% and infiltration trenches 12.3%. ...

Assessing the Potential of Low-Impact Development Techniques on Runoff and Streamflow in the Templeton Gap Watershed, Colorado
  • Citing Article
  • December 2016

The Professional Geographer