David Faulkner's research while affiliated with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other places
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Publications (68)
To assess cool-roof benefits, the temperatures, heat flows, and energy uses in two similar single-family, single-story homes built side by side in Fresno, California were measured for a year. The "cool" house had a reflective cool concrete tile roof (initial albedo 0.51) with above-sheathing ventilation, and nearly twice the thermal capacitance of...
Abstract This field study of 37 small and medium commercial buildings throughout California obtained information on ventilation rate, temperature, and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system characteristics. The study included seven retail establishments; five restaurants; eight offices; two each of gas stations, hair salons, healt...
Are the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors in your demand controlled ventilation systems sufficiently accurate? The data from these sensors are used to automatically modulate minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation. The goal is to keep ventilation rates at or above design requirements while adjusting the ventilation rate with changes in occupancy in ord...
Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors are often deployed in commercial buildings to obtain CO2 data that are used to automatically modulate rates of outdoor air supply. The goal is to keep ventilation rates at or above design requirements and to save energy by avoiding ventilation rates exceeding design requirements. However, there have been many anecdotal...
An improved HVAC system for portable classrooms was specified to address key problems in existing units. These included low energy efficiency, poor control of and provision for adequate ventilation, and excessive acoustic noise. Working with industry, a prototype improved heat pump air conditioner was developed to meet the specification. A one-year...
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) is a new method of supplying heated or cooled air throughout a building. Reported advantages of UFAD include energy savings and improved indoor air quality (IAQ). We measured several aspects of the performance of a UFAD system installed in a medium-size office building. The measured air change effectiveness was ve...
Approximately 1 quad (1 EJ) of energy, costing $7.2 billion, is used annually for conditioning the OA ventilation air supplied to U.S. commercial, institutional, and government, buildings. The rate of OA ventilation also affects occupant health. In cross-sectional studies of buildings with various rates of OA ventilation, lower ventilation rates ha...
The rate of outdoor air (OA) supply affects building energy consumption, occupant health, and work performance; however, minimum ventilation rates are often poorly controlled. Real-time measurements of OA flow rates into HVAC systems would enable improved flow control. This article demonstrates that at least some of the available technologies for r...
This study estimated the health, energy, and economic benefits of an economizer ventilation control system that increases outside air supply during mild weather to save energy. A model of the influence of ventilation rate on airborne transmission of respiratory illnesses was used to extend the limited data relating ventilation rate with illness and...
Although the rate of outdoor air (OA) ventilation has a substantial influence on building energy consumption and occupant health, the available data indicate the outdoor air ventilation rates are poorly controlled in many buildings. Technologies being marketed for real time measurement of the flow rates of outdoor air into HVAC systems should enabl...
During the last few years, new technologies have been introduced for real-time continuous measurement of the flow rates of outdoor air (OA) into HVAC systems; however, an evaluation of these measurements technologies has not previously been published. This document describes a test system and protocols developed for a controlled evaluation of these...
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Student attendance in American public schools is a critical factor in securing limited operational funding. Student and teacher attendance influence academic performance. Limited data exist on indoor air and environmental quality (IEQ) in schools, and how IEQ affects attendance, health, or performance. This study explored the associati...
Indoor temperature is one of the fundamental characteristics of the indoor environment. It can be controlled with different accuracy depending on the building and its HVAC system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of improved temperature control, and apply the information for a cost-benefit analyses. The indoor temper...
Twenty-seven laboratory experiments were conducted in a simulated smoking room to quantify rates of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) leakage to a nonsmoking area as a function of the physical and operational characteristics of the smoking room. Data are presented for the various types of leakage flows, the effect of these leaks on smoking room per...
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In chamber experiments, we investigated the ventilation effectiveness and thermal comfort of a task ventilation system with an air supply nozzle located underneath the front edge of a desk and directing air towards a heated mannequin or a human volunteer seated at the desk. The task ventilation system provided outside air, while anothe...
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We investigated the relationship between ventilation rates and individual work performance in a call center, and controlled for other factors of the indoor environment. We randomized the position of the outdoor air control dampers, and measured ventilation rate, differential (indoor minus outdoor) carbon dioxide (DeltaCO(2)) concentrat...
A study of the relationship between outside air ventilation rate and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated indoors was conducted in a call center office building. The building, with two floors and a total floor area of 4600 m2, is located in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA. Ventilation rates were manipulated with the building...
A mass-balance model, as well as data on particle-size distributions, filter efficiencies, and particle-deposition rates were used to estimate reductions in indoor concentrations of different particle types attainable with the use of filters in HVAC supply-air streams. In addition, the energy and total costs of various filtration options were estim...
Smoking is allowed in specially designed and operated breakrooms that meet three criteria. First, air from the room is exhausted directly to the outside by an exhaust fan. Second, no smoking room air is recirculated to other parts of the building. Third, smoking rooms are in a non-work area where employees are not required to be present as part of...
The indoor temperature can be controlled with different levels of accuracy depending on the building and its HVAC system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity benefits of improved temperature control, and to apply the information for a cost-benefit analyses of night-time ventilative cooling, which is a very energy ef...
This paper predicts the reductions in the indoor mass concentrations of particles attainable from use of filters in building supply airstreams and also from use of stand-alone fan-filter units. Filters with a wide efficiency range are considered. Predicted concentration reductions are provided for indoor-generated particles containing dust-mite and...
We studied the effects of removing small airborne particles in an office building without unusual contaminant sources or occupant complaints.
We conducted a double-blind crossover study of enhanced particle filtration in an office building in the Midwest United States in 1993. We replaced standard particle filters, in separate ventilation systems o...
We investigated the relationship of ventilation rates with the performance of advice nurses working in a call center. Ventilation rates were manipulated; temperatures, humidities, and CO2 concentrations were monitored; and worker performance data, with 30-minute resolution, were collected. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the...
We investigated the relationship between ventilation rates and work performance in a call center. We randomized the ventilation controls and measured ventilation rate, differential carbon dioxide (ÎCOâ) concentration, temperature, humidity, occupant density, degree of under-staffing, shift length, time of day, and time required to complete two diff...
We investigated the relationship of ventilation rates with the performance of advice nurses working in a call center. Ventilation rates were manipulated, temperatures, humidities, and CO2 concentrations were monitored, and worker performance data, with 30-minute resolution, were collected. Multivariate linear regressions were employed to investigat...
During parts of 7 consecutive weeks, indoor and outdoor particle number concentrations and particle sizes were measured versus time in a large sealed air-conditioned office building without tobacco smoking. Building ventilation rates were also measured. During some periods, the normal filters in the building’s air handling systems were replaced wit...
In laboratory experiments, we investigated two task/ambient conditioning systems with air supplied from desk-mounted air outlets to efficiently ventilate the breathing zone of heated manikins seated at desks. In most experiments, the task conditioning systems provided outside air while a conventional ventilation system provided additional space coo...
To test proposed methods for reducing SBS symptoms and to learn about the causes of these symptoms, a double-blind controlled intervention study was designed and implemented. This study utilized two different interventions designed to reduce occupants` exposures to airborne particles: (1) high efficiency filters in the building`s HVAC systems; and...
Workers in indoor environments often complain of symptoms, such as eye and nose irritation, headache, and fatigue, which improve away from work. Exposures causing such complaints, sometimes referred to as sick building syndrome, generally have not been identified. Evidence suggests these worker symptoms are related to chemical, microbiological, phy...
There are approximately 600,000 paint spray workers in the United States applying paints and coatings with some type of sprayer. Approximately 5% of these spray workers are in the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). These spray workers apply paints or other coatings to products such as bridges, houses, automobiles, wood and metal...
A new method for characterizing ventilation in commercial buildings using the Pollutant Concentration Index (PCI) was evaluated via field studies in four buildings. The PCI parameter quantifies the effectiveness of ventilation in controlling air pollutant exposures for pollutants released continuously and spatially uniformly within the building. Fo...
Abstract The air change effectiveness (ACE), an indicator of the indoor airflow pattern, was measured in twenty-six laboratory experiments. Ventilation air was supplied through induction-type diffusers located in the ceiling and removed through a ceiling mounted return grille. The tracer-gas step-up measurement procedure was employed. In five of th...
In cleanrooms, very low particle concentrations are maintained by recirculation of air at a high rate (e.g., 600 room air volumes/hr) through highly efficient air filters. Results are reported in a Class M3.5 (Class 100) cleanroom with 28 m 2 (300 ft 2) floor area, where significant energy savings were realized by controlling the rate of air recirc...
A laboratory-based study of the performance of a floor-based task ventilation system designed for use in office buildings has been completed. With the task ventilation system, occupants can adjust the flow rate and direction of air supplied to their work space through floor-mounted supply grilles. Air exits the ventilated space through a ceiling-mo...
The primary goal of the California Healthy Building Study (CHBS) is to identify the major characteristics of buildings, ventilation systems, jobs, and indoor environmental quality that are associated with building-related sick-building health symptoms. The first phase of the CHBS was a cross sectional study of 12 office buildings located in the San...
Twelve public office buildings were selected for a study of relationships between worker's health symptoms and a number of building, workspace, job, and personal factors. Three buildings were naturally ventilated, three were mechanically ventilated, and six were air conditioned. Information on the prevalences of work-related symptoms, demographics,...
Today's office designs, technologies and work processes make it increasingly difficult for conventional HVAC systems to satisfy the environmental needs of office workers--especially as those workers more openly express personal preferences about air quality and comfort. In an open-plan office workplace, the design and configuration of furniture and...
The California Healthy Building Study (CHBS) is a multidisciplinary research based in 12 office buildings within California. The overall goal the CHBS is to elucidate relationships between occurrences of office worker health symptoms and characteristics of the workers` buildings, ventilation systems, work spaces, jobs, and indoor environments. A Ph...
Reduction in the breathing zone concentration of an experimentally simulated pollutant, by factors ranging from 100 to 800, was observed with the device (called an airvest). With use of the airvest by the worker, the hood face velocity can be reduced, leading to substantial energy savings in conditioning of make up air in the building. The airvest...
Results are presented from a research project to investigate the effects of office partition design on air movement, worker comfort, and ventilation in workstations. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the comfort and ventilation conditions produced by a conventional ceiling supply-and-return air distribution system in workstations separat...
Air quality and comfort complaints within large buildings are often attributed to air distribution problems. We define three air exchange effectiveness parameters related to air distribution. The first two indicate the indoor air flow pattern (i.e., the extent of short circuiting, mixing, or displacement flow) for an entire building or region. The...
We studied the performance of a task ventilation system that permits occupants to control the flow rate and direction of air supplied to their work space through four floor-mounted supply grill. Air exited the room through a ceding-mounted return grill. To study air-flow patterns, we measured the age of air at multiple locations using a tracer gas...
The primary goals of this research effort are to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate a very practical HVAC system for classrooms that consistently provides classrooms (CRs) with the quantity of ventilation in current minimum standards, while saving energy, and reducing HVAC-related noise levels. This research is motivated by the public benefits of e...
During the last few years, new technologies have been introduced for measuring the flow rates of outside air into HVAC systems. This document describes one particular technology for measuring these airflows, a system and a related protocol developed to evaluate this and similar measurement technologies under conditions without wind, and the results...
We investigated the relationship of ventilation rates with the performance of advice nurses working in a call center. Ventilation rates were manipulated; temperatures, humidities, and COâ concentrations were monitored; and worker performance data, with 30-minute resolution, were collected. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the...
In demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), rates of outdoor air ventilation are automatically modulated as occupant density varies. The objective is to keep ventilation rates at or above design specifications and code requirements and also to save energy by avoiding excessive ventilation rates. DCV is most often used in spaces with highly variable and...
The California Healthy Building Pilot Study was conducted in 12 office buildings in two climate zones in the San Francisco Bay area, was designed to test several hypotheses concerning the relationships between type of building ventilation, air quality, thermal comfort and occupant symptoms. The primary objectives of the study were (1) to determine...
In previous studies, increased ventilation rates and reduced indoor carbon dioxide concentrations have been associated with improvements in health at work and increased performance in work-related tasks. Very few studies have assessed whether ventilation rates influence performance of real work. This paper describes part one of a two-part analysis...
A study of the relationship between outside air ventilation rate and concentrations of VOCs generated indoors was conducted in a call center. Ventilation rates were manipulated in the building's four air handling units (AHUs). Concentrations of VOCs in the AHU returns were measured on 7 days during a 13-week period. Indoor minus outdoor concentrati...
The primary goals of this research effort were to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate a practical HVAC system for classrooms that consistently provides classrooms with the quantity of ventilation in current minimum standards, while saving energy, and reducing HVAC-related noise levels. This research was motivated by several factors, including the pu...
The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect ofvarious design and operating parameters on smoking room performance.Twenty-eight experiments were conducted in a simulated smoking room witha smoking machine and an automatic door opener. Measurements were made ofair flows, pressures, temperatures, two particle-phase ETS tracers, twogas-phase ET...
In chamber experiments, we investigated the effectiveness of a task ventilation system with an air supply nozzle located underneath the front edge of a desk and directing air toward a heated mannequin seated at the desk. The task ventilation system provided outside air, while another ventilation system provided additional space cooling but no outsi...
We define two air exchange effectiveness parameters which indicate the extent of short circuiting, mixing, or displacement air flow in an entire building, the air diffusion effectiveness which indicates the air flow pattern locally, and the normalized local age of air. After describing two tracer gas procedures for measuring these parameters, we di...
Carbon dioxide (CO) sensors are often deployed in commercial buildings to obtain CO data that are used, in a process called demand-controlled ventilation, to automatically modulate rates of outdoor air ventilation. The objective is to keep ventilation rates at or above design specifications and code requirements and also to save energy by avoiding...
Technologies for real-time continuous measurement of the flow rates of outdoor air (OA) into HVAC systems are now available commercially. Our prior papers reported on laboratory-based evaluations of these measurement technologies and this document describes the methods and results of a field study of the accuracy of three of these technologies. Fro...
The primary goals of this research effort are to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate a very practical HVAC system for classrooms that consistently provides classrooms with the quantity of ventilation in current minimum standards, while saving energy, and reducing HVAC-related noise levels. This research is motivated by the public benefits of energy...
An assessment of the indoor air quality (IAQ) of the San Francisco Federal Building (SFFB) was conducted on May 12 and 14, 2009 at the request of the General Services Administration (GSA). The purpose of the assessment was for a general screening of IAQ parameters typically indicative of well functioning building systems. One naturally ventilated s...
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) is a new method of supplying heated or cooled air throughout a building. Reported advantages of UFAD include easy relocation of air supply diffusers, energy savings, and improved indoor air quality (IAQ). We measured several aspects of the performance of an UFAD system installed in a medium-size office building. T...
Citations
... Nevertheless, modern designs are staying the most requesting [99,100]. Thermal conditions inside buildings vary considerably with time [137]. Numerous studies reported that occupants who perceived their control opportunity as being insufficient were less satisfied of energy consumption in their residence [138,139]. ...
... However, the old filter had seen little use so the difference between filters was small. Fisk et al. (1987 Fisk et al. ( , 2000 Fisk et al. ( , 2002 Fisk et al. ( , 2003) have concentrated on performance and cost of air filtration technologies. Clausen (2004) and Jamriska et al., (2000 and Jamriska et al., ( , 2003) to determine the impact of air filtration in buildings. ...
... It was observed that the prevalence of selected symptoms might decrease by up to 70-85% with large increases in ventilation rate and/or improvements in ventilation effectiveness [131]. An airborne transmission model and published field data have been combined to statistically estimate a quantitative relationship between ventilation rate and sick leaves [132]. Apart from being responsible for odours and deteriorating performance, as mentioned above, VOCs can cause sensory irritation and even pulmonary effects [120]. ...
... Such spaces can not avoid high CO 2 concentration and occupancy fluctuation leading to excessive fresh air volume (Fisk & De Almeida, 1998). Having less CO 2 problem, lower densely occupied space should at least equipped with simpler system such as outdoor air monitoring system for ensuring the adequate fresh air rate (Fisk, 2006). After adopting DCV for decades, practitioners still improve the performances of DCV toward proper implementation and available technologies such as better sensors. ...
... Most cleanrooms have large areas and adopt automated equipment, thus, the numbers of personnel are small, resulting in non-uniform particle production and significant redundancy of air supply volume [5]. Previous studies have adopted the strategy to uniformly reduce the air supply volume of all FFUs by particle concentration monitoring [6] or personnel number counting in the cleanroom [7], according to the actual concentration at the monitoring point or the number of personnel, respectively. However, the particle distribution in the large-area cleanroom is significantly non-uniform, and the air volume can be furtherly reduced when guaranteeing safe cleanliness. ...
... Relatively few studies have focused on the airflow and contaminant diffusion path caused by such internal partitions [13,14]. Bauman et al. conducted a full-scale measurement to study the effects of partitions on air movement and thermal comfort in office spaces, and concluded that the height of the partitions had a significant effect on thermal comfort under mixed-ventilation mode [15]. Lee et al. also predicted indoor air quality and ventilation performance with internal partitioning based on a small model test chamber and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology under mixed ventilation [16,17]. ...
... During the past two decades these systems have offered an alternative to traditional overhead (OH) systems, and are now commonly used all over the world. There are several potential advantages of using UFAD systems compared to OH systems: improved thermal comfort123; improved indoor air quality [1,3]; reduced life cycle costs [1]; reduce floor-to-floor height in new construction. ...
... Other studies investigated the impact of thermal mass using Finite Element (difference/volume) Modelling (FEM) packages [39,40,60]. These either use a 'free-floating situation', where the interior is modelled with an adiabatic Boundary Condition (B.C) [11,39], (as defined in ISO 13790 [61]) or use an active internal boundary condition with a continuous or intermittent Dirichlet or Robin boundary condition where the indoor temperature is set [16,26,41,[62][63][64]. The free-floating situation shows the difference in the internal surface temperature only caused by the thermal mass of the element being modelled. ...
... There is some information on indoor air quality, as well as important new research results that will have a significant impact on the design of future airconditioned or ventilated spaces for human occupants. New W.J.Fisk, M.J.Mendell, J.M.Daisey, D.Faulkner, A.T.Hodgson, and J.M.Macher research results document for the first time that the quality of indoor air has a significant and positive influence on the productivity of office workers [41,42]. The increase of productivity should be compared with the cost of conditioning the indoor environment, which for office buildings in the developed countries is typically less than 1% of the labour cost. ...
Reference: Indoor Air Quality Management
... Impact of thermally activated furniture system on thermal comfort and energy (Alain et al., 2012;Faulkner et al., 1993;Tsuzuki et al., 1999) 20-22 (Alain et al., 2012;Faulkner et al., 1993;Melikov & Knudsen, 2007;Pan et al., 2012;Tsuzuki et al., 1999) 22-24 (Bauman et al., 1993(Bauman et al., , 1994Chen et al., 2012;Dalewski et al., 2014;Faulkner et al., 1993;Gong et al., 2006;Kaczmarczyk et al., 2006;Lo & Novoselac, 2010;Melikov & Knudsen, 2007;Niu et al., 2007;Pan et al., 2012;Sekhar et al., 2005;Sun et al., 2007;Tsuzuki et al., 1999;Yang et al., 2010; 24-26 Atthajariyakul & Lertsatittanakorn, 2008;Bauman et al., 1991Bauman et al., , 1995Bauman et al., 1993;Dalewski et al., 2014;Faulkner et al., 1993;Melikov & Knudsen, 2007;Tsuzuki et al., 1999;Zhang et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2012) 26-28 (Akimoto et al., 1996;Atthajariyakul & Lertsatittanakorn, 2008;Bauman et al., 1991;F Bauman et al., 1993;Chen et al., 2012;Dalewski et al., 2014;Gong et al., 2006;Kaczmarczyk et al., 2006;Li et al., 2010; ...