January 2021
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390 Reads
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1 Citation
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Publications (38)
March 2019
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233 Reads
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9 Citations
March 2019
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85 Reads
December 2016
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1,067 Reads
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10 Citations
European Polygraph
January 2015
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1,175 Reads
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4 Citations
Monte Carlo methods were used to calculate the distributions of grand total numerical scores of event-specific, single-issue polygraph examinations with four relevant question (RQ) test formats, such as the Air Force Modified General Question Technique (AFMGQT) and a similar format developed by researchers at the University of Utah (Utah CQT). Mean and variance seeds for total scores were calculated using the subtotal mean and variance estimates from a laboratory sample of 100 event-specific exams and from 100 confirmed field exams conducted using a three question event-specific format that included both primary and secondary RQs. Parameters included correct, incorrect, and inconclusive results of guilty and innocent cases, and the unweighted decision accuracy. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated using a base rate of .5. Detection efficiency coefficients were calculated for a single measure of effect that encompasses correct, incorrect, and inconclusive results with both guilty and innocent cases. Results indicated that the accuracy of four RQ event specific examinations evaluated with grand total scores and two-stage decision rules equaled or exceeded accuracy of other validated comparison question techniques. Unweighted accuracy was .92 to .94 for three test charts, and converged towards the .95 confidence level predicted by the probability cutscores (.05 / .05) when five test charts were used. Total scores produced equally low error rates on guilty and innocent individuals, whereas decisions based on question subtotals (spot scoring) produced high rates of false positive errors. Polygraph examiners sometimes conduct event-specific or single-issue examinations using the four-question Air Force Modified General Question Technique (AFMGQT; Department of Defense, 2006a) or a similar four-question technique developed by researchers at the University of Utah (Raskin & Honts, 2002; Raskin & Kircher, 2014). Some field examiners prefer these formats because they permit the use of questions that address different facets of a single known (or alleged) event or context. Both formats may include primary relevant questions (RQs) that address direct involvement and secondary RQs that address indirect involvement. Secondary RQs may cover participation, evidence, knowledge, or factual details regarding the incident.
February 2014
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270 Reads
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28 Citations
In 2001, the late Murray Kleiner and an array of experts contributed to the Handbook of Polygraph Testing, published by Elsevier, which examined the fundamental principles behind polygraph tests and reviewed the key tests and methods used at that time. In the intervening thirteen years, the field has moved beyond traditional polygraph testing to include a host of biometrics and behavioral observations. The new title reflects the breadth of methods now used. Credibility Assessment builds on the content provided in the Kleiner volume, with revised polygraph testing chapters and chapters on newer methodologies, such as CNS, Ocular-motor, and behavioral measures. Deception detection is a major field of interest in criminal investigation and prosecution, national security screening, and screening at ports of entry. Many of these methods have a long history, e.g., polygraph examinations, and some rely on relatively new technologies, e.g., fMRI and Ocular-motor measurements. Others rely on behavioral observations of persons in less restricted settings, e.g., airport screening. The authors, all of whom are internationally-recognized experts associated with major universities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Europe, review and analyze various methods for the detection of deception, their current applications, and major issues and controversies surrounding their uses. This volume will be of great interest among forensic psychologists, psychophysiologists, polygraph examiners, law enforcement, courts, attorneys, and government agencies.
February 2014
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642 Reads
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37 Citations
This chapter describes the current methods and uses of polygraph techniques for the detection of deception. Following a brief overview of the basic principles of polygraph tests, it provides a detailed description of the most widely applied technique for physiological detection of deception, the Comparison Question Test (CQT), and the various analytic methods for determining the outcomes of such tests. It analyzes the scientific research and validity of the CQT, and compares the diagnostic reliability and validity of polygraph tests to other commonly used psychological and medical tests and diagnostic procedures. The findings refute the misguided and disingenuous attack on the polygraph by the National Research Council. There is an extensive description and analysis of current methods for rendering decisions, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the major issues concerning uses of polygraph tests, including its accuracy on psychopaths and victims of crimes, confidential tests for defense attorneys, and government uses of polygraph examinations.
January 2002
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938 Reads
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47 Citations
June 1999
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105 Reads
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106 Citations
Effects of forensic interview techniques on the production of free-narrative and Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) criteria were assessed in police interviews with 48 children (ages 3 to 16) who alleged they had been sexually abused. These allegations were later categorized as confirmed (n = 35) or highly doubtful (n = 13) based on information obtained independent of the statements. Two raters independently coded all interviewer utterances and children's responses, and four other raters evaluated the transcripts for the presence of CBCA content criteria. As predicted, open questions yielded more free narrative and CBCA criteria than other types of questions. Confirmed statements of abuse contained more CBCA criteria than highly doubtful statements, and statements made by older children contained more CBCA criteria than those by younger children. The results support the use of open questions for eliciting free narrative and the use of CBCA to assess the validity of children's allegations of sexual abuse.
January 1999
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532 Reads
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14 Citations
Citations (35)
... Tradicionalmente, el estudio del engaño a través de medidas psicofisiológicas se ha realizado por medio del uso del polígrafo, sin embargo, sus resultados han sido altamente cuestionados (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2013), debido a errores en la discriminación entre los relatos honestos y deshonestos (Ben-Shakhar & Elaad, 2002;Ben-Shakhar et al., 1999;Bradley et al., 1996;Carmel et al., 2003;Elaad et al., 1992;Honts et al., 1985;Kircher & Raskin, 1988;Lykken, 1988). Por esta razón, su aplicación ha sido prácticamente vetada en el ámbito forense . ...
- Citing Article
- Publisher preview available
February 1985
... Traditionally, deception-detection techniques measure physiological changes [4]. To detect physiological changes during lying, a polygraph [5] is most commonly used. Because polygraphs used in criminal interrogations measure various Borum Nam and Joo Young Kim are both contributed equally to this work. ...
- Citing Chapter
March 2019
... Currently, apart from such devices, also ones that observe eyeball and pupillary movements remotely are used. Early in the 21st-century, attempts were made to use such devices for studying emotions, and especially for the detection of deception ( Hacker et al. 2014;Kircher, Raskin, 2016). Th e results of those attempts also seem encouraging, even if the level of correct lie detection remains below that of classical polygraph examinations ( Kircher, Raskin, 2016), and the techniques of such experimental examinations have as yet not required installing any sensors on the body of the subject even if they made the subject stay close the oculograph, and their fully conscious participation in the examination, for which reason they do not make performing such test without the subject's knowledge possible. ...
- Citing Article
- Full-text available
December 2016
European Polygraph
... The CQT research literature was the subject of a number of reviews over the years. Typical of those reviews are: Kircher et al. (1988), Raskin et al. (1997, Iacono and Lykken (1997), National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC) (2003), Honts (2004), Vrij, Mann, et al. (2008); APA (2011); and Raskin et al. (2014). There is variation across the reviews, but nevertheless they generally produced overall accuracy estimates of over 85%. ...
Reference:
HontsEtAl(2021)CQTMetaEarlyOpenAccess
- Citing Article
- Full-text available
January 2002
... Specialists have worked hard to develop effective approaches to detecting lies [2]- [4]. Although polygraph detection's authenticity and validity are debatable, it is crucial in criminal investigations, airport security, antiterrorism, and other domains [5]. The polygraph study examined the subject's verbal and nonverbal activities [6] and a multichannel polygraph technology was devised to detect participants' physiological signs like blood pressure, pulse, and skin electricity [7]. ...
- Citing Book
February 2014
... To explain how honest and deceptive messages are elaborated, an understanding of memory's underlying mechanisms is paramount. As a matter of fact, the most frequently studied verbal credibility assessment tools, like criteria based content analysis (CBCA; Köhnken & Steller, 1988;Raskin & Esplin, 1991;Raskin & Steller, 1989;Raskin & Yuille, 1989;Steller, 1989;Steller & Boychuk, 1992;Steller & Köhnken, 1989;Yuille, 1988), emphasize the fact that accounts of truly experienced events are recalled from memory and significantly differ in their verbal content and quality from fabricated accounts ("Undeutsch hypothesis"; Steller, 1989). Much in the same vein, the reality monitoring tool (RM) assumes that memories of real-life experiences are encoded, among others, through sensory information (smell, taste, sound, touch, or visual details; Johnson & Raye, 1981) and as such those sensory details are more likely to be described verbally in truthful accounts (Masip et al., 2005;Sporer, 2004). ...
- Citing Chapter
January 1989
... Comparison questions are not directly related to the crime, but instead deal with issues concerning the examinee's moral character. Sometimes referred to as probable-lie questions, they are meant to be formulated and asked in a way that is intended to subtly prompt the examinee to answer them with 'no' (Raskin, Kircher, Horowitz, & Honts, 1989). Alternatively, the examiner may instruct the examinee to answer 'no' to all comparison questions, which is a variant CQT commonly known as the directed-lie test (Honts & Alloway, 2007). ...
- Citing Chapter
January 1989
... Further empirical research on how problem gamblers respond to positively and negatively valenced stimuli is required to ascertain which of these conceptualizations of problem gamblers are correct, and to ultimately determine the nature of deficit in this disorder. Electrodermal activity has proven to be a reliable indicator of autonomic and cortical arousal (Barry, 1996;Barry et al., 2004;Boucsein, 1992;Lykken & Venables, 1971;Raskin, 1973); however, most gambling studies have examined changes in heart rate (HR) as the primary index of arousal (e.g., Anderson & Brown, 1984;Coventry & Hudson, 2001;Krueger, Schedlowski, & Meyer, 2005;Ladouceur, Sevigny, Blaszczynski, O'Connor, & Lavoie, 2003;Meyer et al., 2000Meyer et al., , 2004, a variable shown to be a better indicator of vigilance and task performance (Barry, 2006;Tremayne & Barry, 2001). ...
- Citing Chapter
December 1973
... The prevalence of sexual violence against children contrasts with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), with 194 countries having ratified it (November 2009) and declaring that they are taking all legislative, administrative and social measures to protect children from sexual violence. The rate of sexual violence among girls worldwide is estimated at between 16.4% and 19.7%, and among boys at between 6.6% and 8.8%, affecting the lives of millions of children around the world [1], with potential psychological (e.g. lack of confidence, depression, acute stress disorders), physical (e.g., sleep disorders, delayed language and development) and/or social (e.g., withdrawal, social isolation) negative consequences. ...
- Citing Chapter
January 1989
... The Minnesota group was initially supportive of field studies that fit their criterion for useful field studies. However, starting in the 1980s, field studies were published that produced high levels of accuracy with the CQT (Honts & Raskin, 1988;Raskin, Kircher, Honts, & Horowitz, 1988). Those studies were specifically designed to meet the Minnesota group's criteria. ...
- Citing Article
January 1988