Darja Irdam's research while affiliated with University of Cambridge and other places
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Publications (27)
An unprecedented mortality crisis struck Eastern Europe during the 1990s, causing around seven million excess deaths. We enter the debate about the causes of this crisis by performing the first quantitative analysis of the association between de-industrialisation and mortality in Eastern Europe. We develop a theoretical framework identifying deindu...
An unprecedented mortality crisis struck Eastern Europe during the transition from socialism to capitalism. Working-class men without a college degree suffered the most. Some argue that economic dislocation caused stress and despair, leading to adverse health behavior and ill health (dislocation-despair approach). Others suggest that hazardous drin...
The ten countries with the fastest shrinking population are all located in Eastern Europe, with low fertility as one of the leading causes. In this article, we analyze the privatization of companies as a potential but so far neglected factor behind the postsocialist fertility decline. We argue that privatization is linked to lower fertility by cata...
Research on intergenerational social mobility and health-related behaviours yields mixed findings. Depending on the direction of mobility and the type of mechanisms involved, we can expect positive or negative association between intergenerational mobility and health-related behaviours. Using data from a retrospective cohort study, conducted in mor...
An unprecedented mortality crisis befell the former socialist countries between 1989 and 1995, representing one of the greatest demographic shocks of the period after the Second World War. While it is likely that country‐level variation in the post‐socialist mortality crisis in Eastern Europe can be explained by a constellation of political and soc...
Background:
A large proportion of premature deaths in Russia since the early 1990s, following the transition from communism, have been attributed to hazardous drinking. Little is known about the correlates of alcohol consumption. We present new data on the consumption of alcoholic beverages among middle-aged and older Russians and identify socio-d...
Eastern European men have among the highest cancer mortality rates globally. Prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake in this region is also high. The aim of this study was to calculate population attributable risk fraction (PARF) of cancer deaths from smoking and alcohol in Russia, Belarus and Hungary, and to examine the contribution of these life...
Eastern Europe underwent one of the most dramatic economic and demographic changes in recent history with skyrocketing mortality rates in some countries during the 1990s. The case of Hungary among the post-socialist transition countries is puzzling for several reasons. Although the Hungarian transition has been often characterised as smooth and suc...
Research on the health outcomes of globalisation and economic transition has yielded conflicting results, partly due to methodological and data limitations. Specifically, the outcomes of changes in foreign investment and state ownership need to be examined using multilevel data, linking macro-effects and micro-effects. We exploited the natural expe...
Objectives:
The very high rates of smoking among men and the rapid changes among women in the Post-Soviet countries mean that this region offers an opportunity to understand better the intergenerational role of parental influences on smoking.
Methods:
In this study, we exploit a unique data set, the PrivMort cohort study conducted in 30 Russian...
Background:
Research on the health outcomes of globalisation and economic transition has yielded conflicting results, partly due to methodological and data limitations. Specifically, the outcomes of changes in foreign investment and state ownership need to be examined using multilevel data, linking macro-effects and micro-effects. We exploited the...
Eastern Europe underwent one of the most dramatic economic and demographic changes in recent history with skyrocketing mortality rates in some countries during the 1990s. The case of Hungary among the post-socialist transition countries is puzzling for several reasons. Although the Hungarian transition has often been characterized as smooth and suc...
Background.:
The estimated prevalence of smoking and proportion of deaths due to tobacco in Eastern European countries are among the highest in the world. Existing estimates of mortality attributable to smoking in the region are mostly indirect. The aim of this analysis was to calculate the proportion of tobacco-attributed deaths in three Eastern...
openSNP full questionnaire.
(PDF)
We explored the characteristics and motivations of people who, having obtained their genetic or genomic data from Direct-To-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) companies, voluntarily decide to share them on the publicly accessible web platform openSNP. The study is the first attempt to describe open data sharing activities undertaken by individuals w...
openSNP dataset.
(XLS)
We explored the characteristics and motivations of people who, having obtained their genetic or genomic data from Direct-To-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) companies, voluntarily decide to share them on the publicly accessible web platform openSNP. The study is the first attempt to describe open data sharing activities undertaken by individuals w...
Background Population-level data suggest that economic disruptions in the early 1990s increased working-age male mortality in post-Soviet countries. This study uses individual-level data, using an indirect estimation method, to test the hypothesis that fast privatisation increased mortality in Russia. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we...
Background
Population-level data suggest that economic disruptions in the early 1990s increased working-age male mortality in post-Soviet countries. This study uses individual-level data, using an indirect estimation method, to test the hypothesis that fast privatisation increased mortality in Russia.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we...
Background
Previous research using routine data identified rapid mass privatisation as an important driver of mortality crisis following the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. However, existing studies on the mortality crisis relying on individual level or routine data cannot assess both distal (societal) and proximal (individual)...
This chapter summarizes the theory and evidence regarding Mass Privatization programmes in the post-communist environment. It first defines Mass Privatization and compares it to other ways of privatization used during the postcommunist transition. It then summarizes the economic and political arguments for and against this method of privatization....
This paper contributes to the discussions on the nexus between migration and development by assessing the effects of remittances on human development. We do so first through a quantitative approach, and second, by elaborating the findings of our quantitative analysis within a broader theoretical and policy framework. By using OLS, we measure the im...
Citations
... Another study shows that deindustrialization could have been another crucial determinant. Scheiring et al. (2021) fit survival and two-way fixed effects panel models covering 52 towns and 42,800 people in 1989-1995 in Hungary and 514 medium-sized towns in the European part of Russia. The results show that deindustrialization was significantly associated with male mortality in both countries, directly and indirectly mediated by adverse health behavior (alcohol abuse). ...
Reference: Deaths of Despair in Comparative Perspective
... Our research builds on the Privatization and Mortality (PrivMort) project, which is a multilevel study on the demographic consequences of the postsocialist economic change (Irdam et al. 2016;Scheiring et al. 2020a). Our research covers the years between 1990-2006, a period during which governments carried out the major institutional reforms related to the transition from socialism to capitalism, including privatization. ...
... Here, we add to the evidence on the lived experience of this radical industrial transformation by examining the deindustrialisation-mortality association. A large body of scholarship is devoted to the health consequences of the post-socialist transformation (see the systematic reviews by Scheiring et al., 2018aScheiring et al., , 2019. This scholarship comprises two approaches: those arguing that economic stress associated with neoliberal reforms is the main factor of the excess deaths in the 1990s (from now on, the 'dislocation-despair approach'), versus those questioning this link and emphasising the dysfunctional health habits of working-class people aggravated by the affordability of alcohol during the early transition (from now on, the 'dysfunctional culture' approach). ...
... Poisonings with metabolically toxic alcohols occur for many reasons: accidental ingestion (particularly in children), as a result of a suicide attempt or work accidents [2,3]. In Eastern Europe/Russia, it is frequently encountered due to climatic conditions and due to the increased consumption of ethanol and possibly the low economic level that requires self-cleaning [4][5][6][7][8]. According to data from the literature, the mortality risk is higher with 30% in methanol poisoning cases that associate severe acidemia and with 20% in ethylene glycol poisoning [9]. ...
... A number of studies have demonstrated associations of heavy alcohol consumption with a higher risk of liver cirrhosis, stroke, coronary artery disease, various cancers, and hypertension (22,23). Consistent with previous studies from Linxian, however, we found that alcohol consumption was associated with lower total and cancer mortality, and a nearly significant reduction in heart disease mortality as well. ...
... This despair and distress correlated with increased mortality (Kopp et al., 2007). A related stream of studies showed that mass privatisation was a critical economic policy factor behind the transformation-associated economic crisis (Hamm et al., 2012), also driving the life expectancy decline Azarova et al., 2017), and alcohol-related deaths in Russia , and in Hungary (Scheiring et al., 2018b). ...
... Past research has shown that both parental (origin) and individuals' (destination) SEP play an essential role in determining numerous health outcomes, including allostatic load, depressive symptoms, obesity, and health-related behaviours (Dennison, 2018;Gugushvili et al., 2020;Monden & de Graaf, 2013;Präg & Richards, 2019;van der Waal et al., 2017;Gugushvili et al. 2019b). However, SEP is not a unidimensional construct, and its operationalisation depends on researchers' theoretical premises and the availability of data. ...
... Гендерные аспекты табачной эпидемии в России На мужчин и женщин по-разному влияют характеристики родительской семьи, прежде всего курение матери (Gugushvili et al., 2018). В то же время во многих странах существует устойчивая тенденция сближения доли курильщиков среди мужчин и женщин. ...
Reference: Gender aspects of tobacco epidemic in Russia
... However, disagreement persists concerning the upstream factorswhat Marmot called the "causes of causes" of ill health (Marmot 2018)and the underlying causal mechanisms that link these upstream factors to downstream determinants of health. The majority of public health scholarsproponents of the dislocation-despair approachagrees that stress and despair caused by rapid social change and economic dislocation were crucial upstream factors behind these excess deaths (Azarova et al. 2017;Cornia 2000;Gavrilova et al. 2000;Scheiring et al. 2018;Stuckler et al. 2009;Walberg et al. 1998). However, othersproponents of the supplyculture approachquestion the role of economic dislocation in the postsocialist mortality crisis Deindustrialization and the postsocialist mortality crisis 4 and argue that the excess mortality was driven primarily by adverse lifestyles inherited from the socialist past that was aggravated by increased alcohol supply during the early transition years (Bhattacharya et al. 2013;Carlson and Hoffmann 2011;Cockerham et al. 2002;Cockerham 2007;Treisman 2010). ...
... Here, we add to the evidence on the lived experience of this radical industrial transformation by examining the deindustrialisation-mortality association. A large body of scholarship is devoted to the health consequences of the post-socialist transformation (see the systematic reviews by Scheiring et al., 2018aScheiring et al., , 2019. This scholarship comprises two approaches: those arguing that economic stress associated with neoliberal reforms is the main factor of the excess deaths in the 1990s (from now on, the 'dislocation-despair approach'), versus those questioning this link and emphasising the dysfunctional health habits of working-class people aggravated by the affordability of alcohol during the early transition (from now on, the 'dysfunctional culture' approach). ...