D. D. M. Bassimba’s research while affiliated with Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research and other places


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Publications (12)


Fungal diseases of persimmon in semi-arid areas: adaptive strategies and future risks
  • Article

March 2018

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28 Reads

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1 Citation

Acta Horticulturae

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J.L. Mira

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D.D.M. Bassimba

In east-central Spain, the persimmon-growing area has increased considerably as a result of the popularization of the cultivar ‘Rojo Brillante’ and the implementation of the postharvest deastringency treatment, which has opened new export markets. Circular leaf spot disease, caused by Mycosphaerella nawae, was first described in Japan and is prevalent in Korea. Both areas have a humid subtropical-type climate, with a summer-rainfall pattern and high annual precipitation. In contrast, the climate in the Mediterranean Basin is characterised by dry summers and low annual precipitation, so persimmons can only be grown with irrigation. Epidemiological studies of circular leaf spot in Spain indicated that all infections were caused by ascospores formed in the leaf litter. Ascospores were released mainly in April and May, much earlier than in Korea, and relatively low numbers in June were able to induce severe symptoms on trap plants. Most infections coincided with rains, but the disease was observed also on trap plants exposed to less than 1 mm of precipitation and even in the absence of rain. These results revealed that M. nawae managed to adapt to semi-arid conditions mainly by changing the period of inoculum production to coincide with rains and susceptible host availability. Postharvest black spot of persimmon, caused by Alternaria alternata, is also responsible of serious yield losses in the Mediterranean Basin. Studies conducted in Spain indicated that the different inoculum sources were broadly distributed in affected orchards and A. alternata conidia were highly tolerant to dry periods. Consequently, airborne inoculum was available throughout the growing season. Latent infections in persimmon fruit were more frequent during the three-month period prior to harvest. Finally, the risk of introduction of exotic fungal diseases of persimmon in semi-arid areas is discussed considering the unforeseen epidemic of circular leaf spot in Spain, which highlights the limitations of climate suitability analyses, especially when based only on limited disease distribution records. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science. All Rights Reserved.



Leaf wetness duration in irrigated citrus orchards in the Mediterranean climate conditions

March 2017

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167 Reads

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18 Citations

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Leaf wetness (LW) is a key environmental variable for the development of foliar fungal diseases of citrus. However, little information of LW duration (LWD) in Mediterranean citrus-growing areas is available. LWD in six canopy positions and two leaf sides was studied with visual observations and Spectrum LW sensors in a citrus orchard in Spain. The performance of Spectrum and Hobo LW sensors, and CART/SLD and RH LW models was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The dynamics of LWD in three citrus orchards with flood irrigation and three with drip irrigation were evaluated using time-series models. LWD data from all experiments and recordings in 14 commercial citrus orchards illustrated the high frequency of LW periods, particularly those associated with dew. No substantial differences in LWD were detected among citrus canopy positions and leaf sides. An optimal dry/wet threshold of 2.85 for the Spectrum LW sensor, 75.88 for the Hobo LW sensor, 15.99 for the CART/SLD model, and 87.45% for the RH model was selected by ROC curve analysis. All the sensors and models evaluated showed a substantial strength of agreement with visual observations of LW, with area under the ROC curve of 0.89–0.93 and Cohen’s Kappa index of 0.61–0.77. The RH model was recommended because of easier implementation in citrus orchards in Spain. Time-series models did not detect any significant increase in LWD associated with flood irrigation, but only after some rain events. High mesoclimatic relative humidity in the study area outweighed possible microclimatic changes induced by flood irrigation. Thus, negligible effects of flood irrigation in the infection of foliar fungal pathogens would be expected, but longer LWD in the lower canopy as well as potential effects on inoculum dynamics in the leaf litter cannot be excluded.


Control and yield loss modelling of circular leaf spot of persimmon caused by Mycosphaerella nawae: Modelling yield losses due to M. nawae on persimmon

February 2017

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53 Reads

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6 Citations

Annals of Applied Biology

Symptoms of circular leaf spot of persimmon (CLSP), caused by Mycosphaerella nawae, consisted of necrotic spots on leaves, chlorosis and premature defoliation. Although CLSP is a foliar disease, early fruit maturation and abscission are frequently associated with the presence of lesions on leaves and defoliation, resulting in severe economic losses. Despite their importance for the design of efficient disease management programmes, quantitative relationships between CLSP incidence and yield loss are unknown. Therefore, fungicide efficacy trials were conducted during two consecutive years in Spain to induce different levels of disease severity, defoliation and yield loss. The effects of fungicide treatments on CLSP severity were analysed by ordinal logistic regression models. Relative yield loss values were regressed against the percentage of affected leaves or defoliated obtained at different evaluation dates. The disease had high negative impact and complete yield loss was observed in the absence of effective fungicide treatments. Preventive applications of pyraclostrobin, trifloxy-strobin and mancozeb provided the best disease control and highest yields, up to 95.77 kg tree−1. An exponential relationship of CLSP incidence and defoliation with yield loss was found. In general, model fit and predictive ability was superior when defoliation, rather than incidence, was used as explanatory variable. The impact of defoliation on yield loss was higher in earliest evaluation dates, suggesting that early leaf abscission may be the main factor contributing to premature fruit drop and subsequent yield loss. Substantial yield losses were observed even with relatively low levels of CLSP incidence and defoliation. Therefore, it was not possible to define a critical action threshold for CLSP management based on foliar symptoms.


Evaluation of Models for Alternaria Brown Spot of Mandarin Under Mediterranean Conditions by Partial Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis

January 2017

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12 Reads

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4 Citations

Phytopathology

Alternaria brown spot (ABS) is a serious fungal disease of mandarin in the Mediterranean Basin. Due to the rigorous fruit quality standards, models for ABS should avoid false negatives. Experiments were conducted with the susceptible cultivars 'Fortune' and 'Nova' inoculated at different temperatures and leaf wetness durations, including interrupted periods. Effects of temperature and time elapsed after inoculation were also studied. Disease incidence data were fitted to generalized additive models and a generic infection model. Exposure of trap plants in affected orchards was used for model evaluation, including the Alter-Rater and a simple rule system (SRS). The predictive ability of the models was analyzed using the partial area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the high-sensitivity range between 0.9 and 1. Post-inoculation temperature had a significant effect on disease incidence, with maximum symptom expression after 30 h on 'Fortune' and 60 h on 'Nova'. ABS incidence did not increase after a leaf wetness interruption of 1 h on 'Nova' and 2 h on 'Fortune'. All the models evaluated had high false positive rates on 'Fortune'. Only the SRS showed a substantial strength of agreement in 'Nova', with a true positive rate of 0.93 and false positive rate of 0.16.



First Report of Leaf Spot of Spinach Caused by Pleospora betae in Spain

November 2014

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64 Reads

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4 Citations

Plant Disease

The production of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Spain has increased 50% since 2009, mainly due to the commercialization of fresh-cut spinach leaves packaged in modified atmosphere containers. In October 2012, light brown leaf spots 1 to 2 cm in diameter with dark concentric rings were observed in a commercial spinach production area in Valencia Province, Spain. The initial outbreak comprised an area of about 3 ha with a 20% disease incidence. Symptomatic leaves from spinach cv. Apollo were collected in the affected area and were surface disinfected with 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min. Small fragments from lesions were placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.5 g streptomycin sulfate/liter. Fungal colonies developed after 3 days of incubation at 23°C from about 90% of the infected tissues plated. Isolates were transferred to oatmeal agar (OA) (1) and water agar (WA) amended with autoclaved pea seeds (2). Plates were incubated for 30 days at 24°C with 13 h of fluorescent light and 11 h of dark for mo...


Inoculum Sources, Infection Periods, and Effects of Environmental Factors on Alternaria Brown Spot of Mandarin in Mediterranean Climate Conditions

March 2014

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29 Reads

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20 Citations

Plant Disease

Alternaria brown spot (ABS), caused by Alternaria alternata, is a serious disease affecting mandarin in humid and in semi-arid regions. The information available from Florida cannot be easily extrapolated to Mediterranean regions; thus, epidemiological studies were conducted during two consecutive years in Spain. Pathogenic isolates were found in the canopy and leaf litter and on weeds of the genus Sonchus. The pathogen survived in fallen immature leaves for up to 76 days, until complete leaf decay. Conidia of Alternaria spp. were captured continuously and pathogenic isolates were detected in all sampling dates. However, the number of pathogenic isolates was not correlated with the total captured, indicating that morphological identification is not sufficient for airborne inoculum monitoring. In contrast to humid areas, infections occurred mainly in spring and autumn. Classification tree analysis indicated that virtually all infections occurred on weeks with rainfall mm >= 2.5 and average temperature >= 12.5 degrees C. Based on regression quantiles, the amount of rainfall, number of rain days, and total wetness duration were considered important factors increasing ABS incidence during infection periods. The development of decision support systems for ABS control in Mediterranean conditions may benefit from the restricted periods of infection and the strong influence of weather factors in disease onset.


First Report of Alternaria japonica Causing Black Spot of Turnip in Spain

November 2013

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79 Reads

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18 Citations

Plant Disease

Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L.) is an annual vegetable crop cultivated for consumption of its succulent root. In July 2011, symptoms consisting of leaf spots 1 to 8 mm in diameter with a dark brown color surrounded by a yellow halo and black sunken lesions in the swollen storage root were observed in production areas in Alicante Province in east-central Spain. Disease incidence was approximately 20% in fields of about 3 ha where infection was highest. Symptomatic leaves and roots collected from turnip cv. Virtudes-Martillo in three affected fields were surface disinfected with 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, and small fragments from necrotic lesions were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.5 g streptomycin sulfate per liter. Alternaria colonies were consistently isolated from affected leaves and roots after 7 days of incubation at 24°C, and were transferred to V-8 with autoclaved turnip cv. Virtudes-Martillo leaves. Two isolates from leaves and two isolates from roots were included in the study. Plates were incubated for 15 days at 24°C with an 8-h fluorescent light period and a 12-h dark period for morphological examination. Conidia produced in culture were mostly solitary or in short chains of 2 to 3 spores, beakless, ovoid to ellipsoid, and light brown. Conidia were 32 to 78 × 13 to 24 μm, with 3 to 7 transverse septa and 1 to 2 longisepta. Aggregated hyphal chains of dark, thick-walled ornamented cells distinctive of Alternaria japonica Yoshii (3) were observed. The 5.8S, ITS2, and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) regions were amplified using the primers ITS3 and ITS4 (4) and sequenced from DNA extracted from the isolate designated as IVIA-A070, obtained from turnip leaves cv. Virtudes-Martillo in Alicante Province (GenBank Accession No. JX983044). The sequence had 100% identity (total score 302, 73% coverage) with that of A. japonica strain ATCC 13618 (2) (AY376639). Pathogenicity tests were performed twice on two 3-month-old plants of turnip cv. Virtudes-Martillo and cv. Blanco-Globo, and cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata L.) cv. Brunswick. Plants were inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension of the isolate IVIA-A070 (10 ml/plant, 10 ⁴ conidia/ml water) using manual pressure sprayer. Two plants of each host sprayed with sterile distilled water were used as controls in each experiment. Plants were covered with black plastic bags and incubated in a growth chamber for 48 h at 25°C. Leaf spots similar to those observed in affected plants in the field were visible on all turnip and cabbage plants 4 days after inoculation with the fungus. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Fungal colonies morphologically identified as A. japonica were reisolated from leaf lesions on inoculated turnip and cabbage plants, but not from asymptomatic leaves of control plants. Based on these results, the disease was identified as black spot of turnip caused by A. japonica. In Spain, black spot of brassicas was previously associated only with A. brassicae (Berkeley) Saccardo and A. brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire (1). References: (1) P. Melgarejo et al. Patógenos de Plantas Descritos en España. MARM-SEF, Madrid, 2010. (2) B. M. Pryor and R. L. Gilbertson. Mycol. Res. 104:1312, 2000. (3) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, 2007. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.


Inoculum and disease dynamics of circular leaf spot of persimmon caused by Mycosphaerella nawae under semi-arid conditions

October 2012

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66 Reads

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17 Citations

European Journal of Plant Pathology

The epidemiology of circular leaf spot of persimmon, caused by Mycosphaerella nawae, was studied in a semi-arid area in Spain for two consecutive years. No conidia were observed on diseased leaves and all infections were thought to be caused by ascospores formed in the leaf litter. Ascospores were released mainly in April and May, but relatively low numbers in June were able to induce severe symptoms on trap plants. Temperature was not significantly correlated with ascospore catches or disease incidence on trap plants, indicating that it was not a limiting factor for disease development during the period of study. Rainfall was above normal, but still considerably lower than in endemic areas of Korea. Most infections coincided with rains, but the disease was observed also on trap plants exposed to less than 1 mm of precipitation and even in the absence of rain. Orchards were flood irrigated once inoculum deposits in the leaf litter had already been depleted, so it was not possible to determine its effects on ascospore release and disease development. The use of a wind tunnel to determine inoculum production allowed detection of physiologically mature ascospores of M. nawae in the leaf litter 1–2 weeks before they were released to air in the orchard. Disease progress was fitted to the monomolecular growth curve, associated with monocyclic pathogens and diseases with a variable incubation period as a function of the host phenology.


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Citations (11)


... Therefore, fertilisation and irrigation must be sustainable practices that focus on minimising the environmental impact of agricultural production and land use and subsequent economic turnover. Traditionally persimmon crops have been irrigated by flooding, but today drip irrigation is increasingly applied because it is recommended for improving water use efficiency and reducing the incidence of diseases [10]. ...

Reference:

DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Persimmon ‘Rojo Brillante’ Grown under Mediterranean Conditions in Spain
Fungal diseases of persimmon in semi-arid areas: adaptive strategies and future risks
  • Citing Article
  • March 2018

Acta Horticulturae

... , induces necrotic lesions on leaves, chlorosis, and defoliation. The presence of foliar lesions and premature leaf drop leads to early fruit maturation and abscission, resulting in serious economic losses (Bassimba et al. 2017). The disease was first described in humid areas of Japan and Korea (Ikata and Hitomi 1929;Kang et al. 1993). ...

Control and yield loss modelling of circular leaf spot of persimmon caused by Mycosphaerella nawae: Modelling yield losses due to M. nawae on persimmon
  • Citing Article
  • February 2017

... Keissl, whose germinate spores infect an alternaria citri toxin (ACT) that kills host cells, causing necrotic lesions on leaves, fruits, and young branches and, consequently, premature leaf and fruit drop [4,5]. The disease has made it impossible to maintain commercial variety orchards in Brazil and the main mandarin-producing regions of the world [6,7]. Symptoms under field conditions are particularly severe on some mandarins, grapefruit (C. ...

Evaluation of Models for Alternaria Brown Spot of Mandarin Under Mediterranean Conditions by Partial Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis
  • Citing Article
  • January 2017

Phytopathology

... Studies have demonstrated that olive trees subjected to RDI produce higher levels of these defensive compounds, leading to increased resistance to diseases like Verticillium wilt and other fungal infections [25]. The Mediterranean climate can strongly affect both the adaptation of different tree species [26] and micro-organism proliferation [27]. Pseudocercospora cladosporioides (Sacc.) ...

Leaf wetness duration in irrigated citrus orchards in the Mediterranean climate conditions
  • Citing Article
  • March 2017

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

... Distribution: Australia, China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Spain, UK, and USA (Ellis 1976, Farrar et al. 2004, Cunnington et al. 2007, Pryor & Asma 2007, Park et al. 2008, Infantino et al. 2009, Bassimba et al. 2012, Liu et al. 2013, Nishikawa & Nakashima 2013, Farr & Rossman 2018. ...

First Report of Alternaria petroselini Causing Leaf Blight of Fennel in Spain
  • Citing Article
  • June 2012

Plant Disease

... Spinach leaf spots caused by Stemphylium botryosum and Pleospora betae have been reported in the USA (Koike et al. 2001) and Spain (Bassimba et al. 2014), respectively. In Japan, a spinach leaf spot pathogen, other than S. botryosum (Sakai et al. 2002), has been unreported; therefore, we propose including Stemphylium sp. ...

First Report of Leaf Spot of Spinach Caused by Pleospora betae in Spain
  • Citing Article
  • November 2014

Plant Disease

... The vital role of environmental conditions such as temperature, photoperiod, relative humidity and rainfall on the progress of Alternaria blight on some crops has been reported previously. In Mandarin, all infections by Alternaria alternata occurred in weeks with rainfall ≥ 2.5 mm and average temperature ≥ 12.5°C (Bassimba et al., 2014). In Soybeans, infection by this pathogen is severe when the temperature is 21.3 -33.6 and relative humidity is 55.0-94.3% with 76 mm average rainfall (Fagodiya et al., 2022).In the case of Dragon's head infection by Alternaria spp. ...

Inoculum Sources, Infection Periods, and Effects of Environmental Factors on Alternaria Brown Spot of Mandarin in Mediterranean Climate Conditions
  • Citing Article
  • March 2014

Plant Disease

... Gompertz, monomolecular and logistic growth models presented all high goodness-of-fit when describing disease progress in both orchards. The monomolecular model has been often used to describe monocyclic diseases (Madden et al., 2007;Pfender, 1982;Vicent et al., 2012), as RLB is. Both Gompertz and logistic models have similar sigmoidal curve shapes and are often used to describe polycyclic epidemics (Madden et al., 2007). ...

Inoculum and disease dynamics of circular leaf spot of persimmon caused by Mycosphaerella nawae under semi-arid conditions
  • Citing Article
  • October 2012

European Journal of Plant Pathology