Crawford Young’s research while affiliated with University of Wisconsin–Madison and other places

... Personal rule refers to the concentration of power in the hands of a single individual, often the head of state, who governs through patronage networks and loyalty rather than formal institutions (Jackson and Rosberg 1982;Bratton and van de Walle 1997;Cheeseman 2015). This system of governance has been prevalent in various African countries, with Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo) under Mobutu Sese Seko serving as a classic example (Young and Turner 2013). Other notable cases include Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe and Uganda under Idi Amin (Meredith 2011). ...

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Resource Dynamics, Secession, and State Fragmentation: The Cases of Congo and South Sudan ResouRce Dynamics, secession, anD state FRagmentation: The Cases of Congo and South Sudan

... Yet in the 1970s a different roadblock logic developed. An unprecedented economic crisis drastically diminished the regime's resource base, implying it could no longer properly pay state agents (Young and Turner, 1985). To top up their declining salaries, officials turned to the non-official economy and wealth extraction from citizens. ...

Reference:

Roadblocks at the rythm of the country: A Political Sociology of Roadblocks in DR Congo

... Form 1970s, people were forced into Ujamaa villages. In the end, little success was made in the newly formulated villages (Cliffe & Saul 1975;Babu 1981;Young 1982;Lawi 2000;Jennings 2003). ...

Reference:

‘To Plan is to Choose’: Navigating Julius Nyerere’s Economic and Political Thoughts, 1961 – 1980s

... 369-371).4 This model of African society is at the root of concepts such as 'patrimonialism' and 'prebendalism' heavily used by political scientists to describe post-colonial African states, for example,Turner and Young (1985) andBratton and van de Walle (1997).5 See alsoLovejoy (2000) andKlein (2009). ...

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Africa's Latent Assets