Corinne Peyronnet’s research while affiliated with University of Paris-Sud and other places

Quantitative information on the concurrent changes in major rumen microbial functions induced by dietary lipids in relation with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids is scarce. During a three-period essay (9 days per period), rapeseed (Brassica napus L., RO), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., SO) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L., LO) oils at the high level of 80 g/kg dry matter input (DMI) and a control without oil were compared in four 1-L dual outflow fermenters inoculated with bovine rumen microbiota and maintained on a maize silage-based diet. Neither the fermentation medium pH and redox potential nor starch and protein degradabilities were significantly altered. Oil supply significantly decreased butyrate and methane specific productions of to the benefit of propionate and hydrogen specific productions and decreased the microbial protein outflow and synthesis efficiency while increasing the outflows of ammonia and isovalerate, these effects being amplified by the fatty acids’ unsaturation degree. Besides, with no impact of the degree of unsaturation, oil supply increased the amount of fermented hexose, the productions of all SCFAs except butyrate and the specific production of acetate. The rumen variables apparently sensitive to oil unsaturation degree were thus related either to metabolic hydrogen removal pathways or to protein metabolism.

Little quantitative information is available on how dietary lipids concurrently alter the main rumen microbial functions in relation with their incorporation level. In a three-period experiment, linseed (Linum usitatissimum, LO) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L., RO) oils were added at 0, 40 or 80 g/kg dry matter input (DMI) to five 1-L dual outflow fermenters that were on a maize silage-based diet for nine days per period. RO supply decreased butyrate specific production. The amount of hexoses fermented (HF) increased by 9% at 40 g/kg LO. The production of CH4 was lower at 80 g/kg LO by 46% compared with controls. Conversely, the supply of LO significantly increased H2 and H2S productions in an antagonistic mode. The specific productions of propionate, butyrate, CH4 and H2 were altered by LO. The supply of RO increased the ammonia daily outflow (by 23% at 40 g/kg) and decreased the organic N outflow (by 13% at 80 g/kg). The degradabilities of dietary fractions were not affected by RO, neither the OM partitioning between dietary, fermented and microbial outflows. The OM true degradability decreased at 80 g/kg LO compared with controls and 40 g/kg LO. When LO was supplied, isovalerate and ammonia-N outflows were higher, organic and microbial N outflows and EMPS were lower along with changes in the OM outflow partitioning. Overall microbial processes appeared to differ in their responses to fatty acids saturation. Moreover, most effects were present at 40 g/kg DMI and diminished or even plateaued at 80 g/kg DMI. • Highlights • Four per cent oil lowered butyrate specific production • Four per cent Linseed oil lowered microbial protein synthesis efficiency • Linseed oil lowered methanogenesis in proportion to input level

Dans le but d’assurer une meilleure autonomie protéique pour alimenter les animaux d’élevage, différents leviers, dont le développement de filières de protéagineux à graines, sont envisageables. Le projet Proleval s’inscrivait dans cette perspective. Les effets de traitements technologiques sur la valorisation des graines oléo-protéagineuses par les vaches laitières ont été évalués dans le cadre de ce projet. Une synthèse de la littérature a permis de quantifier l’effet bénéfique quasi-systématique des traitements thermiques ou thermomécaniques des graines sur l’utilisation de l’azote : diminution de la dégradabilité ruminale, augmentation de la digestibilité intestinale, de la fourniture d’acides aminés indispensables, et de la sécrétion de protéines dans le lait. Les effets observés sont toutefois quantitativement variables en fonction des traitements. Les essais expérimentaux conduits dans le cadre du projet ont permis de préciser les effets de certaines modalités d’extrusion des graines de féverole et de lupin : la température d’extrusion et la maturation par des procédés innovants intégrant des sucres réducteurs ou un cocktail enzymatique. Les résultats obtenus par différentes approches (mesures de dégradabilité et de digestibilité in situ, mesures in vivo du bilan azoté chez les vaches laitières) montrent que la température d’extrusion doit être limitée pour éviter une surprotection des protéines et que les prétraitements de maturation testés ne sont pas systématiquement efficaces. Les rares résultats publiés sur la fraction lipidique du lait rapportent une diminution du taux butyreux avec les graines traitées par rapport à la même graine crue. Peu d’études présentent des profils en acides gras du lait, mais les données du projet Proleval indiquent que les graines extrudées favorisent la production d’acides gras trans au niveau du rumen et du lait. La maîtrise des conditions d’extrusion permettant d’aboutir de façon répétable à un produit aux caractéristiques nutritionnelles optimales, qui semble passer par la maîtrise du développement des composés de Maillard, reste un enjeu.

Use of local raw materials in broilers feed to improve French protein autonomy The autonomy for Protein-Rich resources of poultry feed in France is around 40%, due in particular to massive imports of soybean meals, which are economically and nutritionally competitive. The study of new French Protein-Rich Feedstuffs (FPRF) within the framework of VOCALIM has shown that technological processes make it possible to better exploit fiber-rich resources (rapeseed and sunflower meals), without affecting the performance or health of the animals. The genetic selection of animals Pampouille E., et al. 426 Innovations Agronomiques 82 (2021), 425-440 could be a lever to further improve the valuation of these resources. Simulations up to 2023 showed a gain of 17 protein autonomy points in broilers production and a reduction in food costs of 2.8% thanks to these FPRF. Their use allows, according to the scenarios studied, to gain in protein efficiency and to reduce overall environmental impacts.

Dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) is known to affect acid−base status and mineral metabolism, but is rarely considered in diet formulation for pigs. Yet, the use of a wide variety of local feedstuffs in Europe contributes to lowering the dEB and increasing the fibre content. Hence, mineral requirements may be modified and skeletal health affected. Therefore, the effects of a lower dEB and a higher dietary Ca level on acid−base balance and mineral status were assessed in young pigs fed a diversified diet. A total of twenty-four weaned pigs were fed a control moderate-dEB diet (C) or a diversified moderate-dEB (D), low-dEB (D-A) or low-dEB supplemented with Ca (D-CA) diet. Growth performance, venous blood gas and chemistry, urine pH, mineral balance and femur characteristics were determined. With an equivalent dEB compared with the C diet, the D diet caused an acidification of the urine and increased the excretion of P as a result of a higher dietary content of S. Low-grade metabolic acidosis occurred in piglets fed the D-A diet with changes at systemic and urine levels. A higher excretion of ammonia and P in urine was observed and some bone characteristics tended to be negatively affected. Ca supplementation partially counteracted the effects of low-grade acidosis. Urine excretion of P and ammonia was alleviated and bone characteristics improved. In conclusion, a higher Ca supply must be considered in more diversified diets to counteract the risk of evolving towards low-grade metabolic acidosis which can negatively affect bone.

Rapeseed proteins are described to be poorly digestible in chickens. To further identify some molecular locks that may limit their use in poultry nutrition, we conducted a proteomic study on the various chicken digestive contents and proposed an integrative view of the proteins recruited in the crop, proventriculus/gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum for digestion of rapeseed by-products. Twenty-seven distinct rapeseed proteins were identified in the hydrosoluble fraction of the feed prior ingestion. The number of rapeseed proteins identified in digestive contents decreases throughout the digestion process while some are progressively solubilized in the most distal digestive segment, likely due to a combined effect of pH and activity of specific hydrolytic enzymes. Fifteen chicken proteins were identified in the hydrosoluble proventriculus/gizzard content, including chymotrypsin-like elastase and pepsin. Interestingly, on the 69 distinct proteins identified in duodenum, only 9 were proteolytic enzymes, whereas the others were associated with homeostasis, and carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin and hormone metabolisms. In contrast, chicken proteins identified in jejunal and ileal contents were mostly proteases and peptidases. The present work highlights the relevance of using integrative proteomics applied to the entire digestive tract to better appreciate the protein profile and functions of each digestive segment.