Clemens Fuest’s research while affiliated with Ifo Institute for Economic Research and other places

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Publications (334)


Global Profit Shifting of Multinational Companies: Evidence from Country-by-Country Reporting Micro Data
  • Article

February 2025

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2 Reads

Journal of the European Economic Association

Clemens Fuest

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Stefan Greil

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Felix Hugger

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Florian Neumeier

We use micro data from country-by-country reports of more than 3 600 multinational companies to analyze global profit shifting to avoid taxes. Unlike other data sets, country-by-country reports provide detailed information about the global economic activities of multinational companies, including those in tax haven countries. We find that these companies reduce their tax burden by €39 billion per year by shifting profits to low-tax countries. Extrapolating our results to the universe of large MNEs indicates a global loss in corporate tax revenues of €162 billion per year (12% of their overall tax payments). We show that taking into account non-linearities in profit shifting and subsidiaries reporting zero profits is key for accurately estimating profit shifting.




Für eine grundlegende Reform des öffentlich-rechtlichen RundfunksFor a fundamental reform of public broadcasting
  • Article
  • Full-text available

November 2024

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25 Reads

List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik

Lars Feld

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Clemens Fuest

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[...]

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Berthold Wigger

Zusammenfassung Der öffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunk (ÖRR) steht zu Recht in der Kritik. Mit dem technologischen Fortschritt und einem vielfältigen Medienangebot aus öffentlich-rechtlichen und privaten Sendern, dem Internet, diversen Streaming-Diensten und sozialen Medien haben die Rezipienten ihr Nutzungsverhalten stark verändert. Zudem schwindet die normative Rechtfertigung und gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des ÖRR, der für kostenintensive Ausgaben sowie eine zu unausgewogene und zuweilen verzerrte Berichterstattung kritisiert wird. Auf Basis einer Analyse des 3. und 4. Medienänderungsstaatsvertrags entwickelt der Kronberger Kreis acht konkrete Reformschritte zur Stärkung der Governance des ÖRR. Eine Umsetzung dieser Reformempfehlungen würde dazu beitragen, einen möglichst hohen gesellschaftlichen Mehrwert durch den ÖRR und das zur Verfügung stehende Beitragsaufkommen zu generieren. Dadurch ließen sich nicht nur die Kosten des ÖRR senken, sondern auch seine Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung stärken – und damit die Integrationsfunktion, die der ÖRR erfüllen soll.

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Development of COVID-19 Infections in Germany and Austria. Notes The figure shows the one-week moving averages of the daily number of COVID-19 infections per one million inhabitants
Dynamics of Deaths Due to COVID-19 in Germany and Austria. Notes The figure shows the one-week moving averages of the daily number COVID-19-related deaths per one million inhabitants
Mobility in Times of COVID—Google Mobility Indicators. Notes The figure shows the change in the number of visits to/time spent in retail stores and recreational facilities (top left panel), grocery stores and pharmacies (top right panel), residential facilities (middle left panel), peoples’ workplaces (middle right panel), transit stations (bottom left panel), and parks (bottom right panel) in Germany (blue lines) and Austria (orange lines) between February 2020 and March 2021. The baseline value is the median value during the five week period from January 3 until February 6, 2020.
Comparison of REWE and Billa prices—Harmonized product set. Notes The density plot is based on price data collected from the REWE and Billa online shops in the first week of June which serves at the base period in our analysis
Comparison of Price Indexes across REWE and Billa. Notes The figure shows the development of the weekly price indexes for REWE and Billa (base period: first week of June 2020). The REWE (Billa) price index represents an weighted average of the price indexes of the single REWE (Billa) products. German CPI weights are used. The first solid vertical line indicates the day of the VAT rate cut (July 1, 2020) and the second solid vertical line indicates the day of the reversal of the VAT rate cut (January 1, 2021)

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The pass-through of temporary VAT rate cuts: evidence from German supermarket retail

January 2024

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142 Reads

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7 Citations

International Tax and Public Finance

We study the price effects of a temporary VAT reduction in Germany using a web-scraped dataset of daily prices of more than 60000 supermarket products. For causal identification, we compare the development of German prices to those in Austria. We find that the reduction of VAT rates led to a price decrease of 1.3%, implying that 70% of the tax cut were passed on to consumers. Moreover, the pass-through is higher for vertically integrated products (private label) than for independent brands. This is consistent with menu cost theories and theories predicting that price markups act as a buffer for cost shocks.


Will the centralisation of carbon pricing revenue in the EU lead to laxer climate policy?

December 2023

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12 Reads

Scandinavian Journal of Economics

We analyse the economic impact of using carbon pricing revenue to fund the EU budget. Such a reform would redistribute from countries with above average carbon intensive production to less carbon intensive countries. Once the reform is implemented, the low carbon countries will prefer a lower carbon price (i.e., laxer climate policy at the EU level) than before the reform, and vice versa. As a result, EU climate policy becomes less ambitious and less disputed, where quantitative impacts presumably remain small. Weaker incentives for national governments to enforce emission taxes after revenue centralisation may also contribute to higher emissions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Der amerikanische Inflation Reduction Act: Zwischen Klimaschutz und Protektionismus

July 2023

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9 Reads

Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik

Zusammenfassung Der Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) verstärkt den Klimaschutz in den Vereinigten Staaten, verfolgt aber auch industriepolitische und geopolitische Ziele. Er hat zu Forderungen geführt, die europäische Politik sollte ebenfalls neue Programme für Industriesubventionen im Bereich Klimaschutz auflegen. Europa ist allerdings in einer anderen Lage als die Vereinigten Staaten. Industrien, die im Bereich des Klimaschutzes tätig sind, werden bereits sehr stark subventioniert. Zugleich ist der Fokus auf den CO 2 -Preis als zentrales Instrument des Klimaschutzes ein Vorteil. Aber Europa hat Nachholbedarf im Bereich des Standort- und Steuerwettbewerbs insgesamt und sollte hier die Rahmenbedingungen verbessern. Daten aus einem Experten-Survey zeigen indessen, dass der IRA in Europa für deutlich wichtiger und die Gefahr von Industrieabwanderung infolge des IRA für größer gehalten wird als in anderen Ländern außerhalb der Vereinigten Staaten.


Corporate Taxation

May 2023

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62 Reads

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4 Citations

Annual Review of Economics

This article reviews economic research on business taxation, with a focus on corporate income taxation. We discuss what this research can contribute to current debates about corporate tax policy and where existing research is incomplete or inconclusive, so that clarification is needed. The issues we discuss include the incidence of the corporate income tax, its effect on investment and economic growth, the problem of international tax avoidance, and the role of corporate taxes in economic crises, including the current debate about taxes on windfall profits. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Economics, Volume 15 is August 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


Können höhere Löhne zur Überwindung des Fachkräftemangels beitragen?

May 2023

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48 Reads

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2 Citations

Wirtschaftsdienst

Germany faces an intense debate around labor and skills shortages. The authors argue that increased competition in the labor market and consequently higher wages and better working conditions are a crucial factor to address labor scarcity. This does not mean that other measures to combat labor scarcity, such as reforms to the immigration system, provision of childcare, or tax disincentives are redundant. However, as the demographic transition will dramatically reduce labor supply, increased competition for labor is important to allocate a scarce factor more efficiently.


Citations (55)


... These factors suggest that stringent fiscal rules may redirect PBCs from spending to taxation. This reallocation effect is consistent with recent evidence on the political timing of tax reforms (Fuest et al., 2024;Rossel Flores et al., 2024), highlighting a form of "creative accounting" where fiscal constraints on spending lead to compensatory adjustments in tax policy. ...

Reference:

National elections and sub-national electoral cycles: Do strong fiscal rules matter in Europe?
Read my lips? Taxes and elections
  • Citing Article
  • August 2024

Journal of Public Economics

... Despite the repeated use of tax changes to influence the price of different products, the pass-through to the final consumer is very heterogeneous, sometimes even above 100% (Besley and Rosen 1999;Anderson et al. 2001), and depends on several factors such as the business cycle (Poterba 1996), market structure (Carbonnier 2007), size of firms (Kosonen 2015) or their vertical relationship (Fuest et al. 2024). The passthrough may not only be incomplete, but also asymmetric (Benzarti et al. 2020), or it may affect the level of equity (Gaader 2019). ...

The pass-through of temporary VAT rate cuts: evidence from German supermarket retail

International Tax and Public Finance

... The child care sector in Germany suffers from a labor shortage, especially considering highly qualified care workers. To increase the attractiveness of care work jobs, scholars and policymakers have been discussing wage raises (Fuest and Jäger 2023;Gambaro et al. 2021;Kroczek and Späth 2022). Possible unintended consequences of such wage increases have been overlooked thus far for the consumption of formal child care hours, the provision of informal child care, and individual employment hours. ...

Können höhere Löhne zur Überwindung des Fachkräftemangels beitragen?

Wirtschaftsdienst

... (Chien et al., 2023) highlights the need for studies on technological innovations, for family economies' well-being (Zahid et al., 2019). Sustainable financial practices focusing on investments, assessments, and standards (Begeman et al., 2023), (Quatrini, 2021 are emphasized in relation to FE1, considering political polarizations surrounding sustainable finance and climate policy (Fuest & Meier, 2023. In countries with financial knowledge inequalities, promoting financial inclusion and diversity is crucial for attaining financial well-being (Jawad & Naz, 2023). ...

Sustainable finance and climate change: Wasteful but a political commitment device?
  • Citing Article
  • March 2023

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

... Although related to that research, our work is rooted in the extensive literature on credibility and commitment in policymaking [18][19][20][21] and policy sequencing to ratchet up stringency 22,23 . Moreover, we integrate an emerging literature on the trade-off between cost effectiveness and the capacity of environmental policies to create commitment 24 . ...

Sustainable Finance and Climate Change: Wasteful But a Political Commitment Device?
  • Citing Article
  • January 2022

SSRN Electronic Journal

... Moreover, due to the more urgent and less scrutinized nature of crisis decision-making, the available information can play a different role, when compared with noncrisis situations. For example, on one hand, people might have to rely more on the scarce information that is available for their opinion formation, while on the other hand, they might not fully trust this information (Fuest et al., 2023;Newton, 2020). Therefore, while it is largely relevant to study how individuals express opinions differently because of data availability, additional insights can be obtained when large-scale data collected during a major crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can be analyzed and compared with insights from before such a crisis. ...

Does expert information affect citizens’ attitudes toward Corona policies? Evidence from Germany
  • Citing Article
  • November 2022

European Journal of Political Economy

... The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic extend beyond the mortality rates of infected individuals and the economic burden associated with prevention, restrictions, and treatment measures [26,27]. Growing evidence suggests that long-term effects and syndromes are linked to post-COVID-19 conditions in individuals who have recovered from the infection [28,29]. ...

The challenge of estimating the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 interventions – Toward an integrated economic and epidemiological approach
  • Citing Article
  • November 2022

Economics & Human Biology

... Although Taxonomy has the potential to direct capital flows toward sustainable activities, concerns have been raised. For example, it may lead to increased global emissions and a loss of profitability at the European level, owing to the importation of "brown" products from other regions if they are no longer financed in Europe (Fuest and Meier 2022). Moreover, the inadequate quality of climate risk mapping within Swedish companies raises doubts about the efficacy of standards, such as Taxonomy. ...

Green Finance and the EU-Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities: Why Using More Direct Environmental Policy Tools Is Preferable

The Economists' Voice

...  Changes in corporate income tax rates in particular EU countries. However, this factor is refuted by Fuest et al. (2022), who published interesting research on corporate tax revenues and declining tax rates. While corporate tax rates have declined in OECD countries in recent decades, corporate tax revenues relative to the gross domestic product have remained remarkably stable. ...

Why Is Corporate Tax Revenue Stable While Tax Rates Fall? Evidence from Firm-Level Data
  • Citing Article
  • August 2022

National Tax Journal

... This is shown by research conducted for Germany, where the taxation on gasoline and diesel oil was reduced in June-August 2022. The pass on of this reduction to end users was within a wide range: from 34 to 90% in the case of gasoline and from 70 to 100% for diesel [25,26]. Interestingly, after the expiry of the fiscal intervention, fuel prices increased again, but to a lesser extent than the reduction caused by it. ...

Der Tankrabatt: Haben die Mineralölkonzerne die Steuersenkung an die Kunden weitergegeben?
  • Citing Article
  • July 2022

Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik