Clayton M. Christensen’s research while affiliated with Harvard Medical School and other places

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Publications (71)


Figure 1. Scholarly and popular-press citations of disruptive innovation, 1993-2016 Note: Trend lines are calculated based on four-year moving averages of articles.
Figure 2. Model of disruptive innovation [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 3. Kinks in improvement trajectories [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Disruptive Innovation: An Intellectual History and Directions for Future Research
  • Article
  • Full-text available

June 2018

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37,277 Reads

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620 Citations

Journal of Management Studies

Clayton M. Christensen

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Rory McDonald

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The concept of disruptive innovation has gained considerable currency among practitioners despite widespread misunderstanding of its core principles. Similarly, foundational research on disruption has elicited frequent citation and vibrant debate in academic circles, but subsequent empirical research has rarely engaged with its key theoretical arguments. This inconsistent reception warrants a thoughtful evaluation of research on disruptive innovation within management and strategy. We trace the theory's intellectual history, noting how its core principles have been clarified by anomaly‐seeking research. We also trace the theory's evolution from a technology‐change framework—essentially descriptive and relatively limited in scope—to a more broadly explanatory causal theory of innovation and competitive response. This assessment reveals that our understanding of the phenomenon of disruption has changed as the theory has developed. To reinvigorate academic interest in disruptive innovation, we propose several underexplored topics—response strategies, performance trajectories, and innovation metrics—to guide future research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Citations (46)


... Despite its focus on new or low-end markets, disruptive innovation demands considerable resource commitment, posing a significant challenge for SMEs that typically operate under resource constraints (Christensen and Bower 1996;Osiyevskyy and Dewald 2015;Rothaermel 2001). This resource paradoxneeding resources to innovate disruptively while having limited access to them-remains a critical issue, especially in volatile emerging markets characterized by rapid growth and evolving regulatory landscapes (Atuahene- Gima and Li 2004;Shi et al. 2017;Yu et al. 2024). ...

Reference:

Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Disruptive Innovation: The Joint Effect of Learning From Failure and Institutional voids
CUSTOMER POWER, STRATEGIC INVESTMENT, AND THE FAILURE OF LEADING FIRMS
  • Citing Article
  • March 1996

Strategic Management Journal

... Durch die oben genannten Herausforderungen des traditionellen Crowdsourcing, wird aus Unternehmenssicht das Problem des "Innovator's Dilemma" berührt. Wie von Clayton Christensen in seinem Buch "The Innovator's Dilemma" (Christensen 2003) vorgestellt, stehen etablierte Organisationen vor dem Problem, dass sie neue und potenziell "disruptive" Marktteilnehmer nicht ernst nehmen und als potenzielle Konkurrenz erkennen. Ein Unternehmen mit einem innovativen aber unausgereiften Produkt ist auf den ersten Blick keine ernst zu nehmende Konkurrenz für eine auf Exzellenz ausgerichtete Organisation. ...

The Innovator's Solution: Warum manche Unternehmen erfolgreicher wachsen als andere
  • Citing Book
  • January 2018

... Empirical studies demonstrate a correlation between work engagement and favorable results in terms of empowering leadership and preventing unsafe behavior. Better psychological health, enhanced work performance, and reduced turnover intention are just a few examples [38]. Therefore, enhancing work engagement through empowering leadership can mediate the relationship between unsafe behavior, leading to a range of positive outcomes. ...

Disruptive Innovation: An Intellectual History and Directions for Future Research

Journal of Management Studies

... Christensen (2012), in his work "The Innovator's Dilemma," highlighted disruptive innovation, whose definition directly links the innovative product or process to its respective markets -innovation is considered disruptive only if its initial commercialization is aimed at an emerging market. Moreover, there is generally an incompatibility between this type of innovation and companies already established in mainstream markets, as these organizations are structured to cater to a more mainstream layer of consumers, who are more profitable for them (Christensen, Altman, McDonald & Palmer, 2018). ...

Disruptive Innovation: Intellectual History and Future Paths
  • Citing Article
  • August 2017

Academy of Management Proceedings

... The JTBD framework represents an alternative, qualitative approach to gaining more direct insights into customer needs (Hankammer et al. 2019). It concentrates on the customer's perspective and is based on how a product or service can help the customer achieve a desired benefit by finding a solution to a problem (Christensen et al. 2007). Through our research, we contribute to a better understanding of customer requirements in stationary retailing (Wichmann et al. 2021) and long-term changes in customer behavior due to crises, with specific reference to pandemics (Das et al. 2021;Eger et al. 2021;Gupta et al. 2023;Sharma and Sonwalkar 2013;Stokburger-Sauer et al. 2023). ...

Finding the right job for your product
  • Citing Article
  • March 2007

MIT Sloan Management Review

... Faced with the common sense dictum of "don't outsource what's going to generate a lot of money", there is a fundamental principle to apply here: those who control the interdependent links in a value chain obtain the most profit (Christensen, Smallman-Raynor, & Verlinden, 2001). From behavioural operations, we can extend the literature flow and provide a clear understanding that the change in the governance mode is a de facto choice, as well as a change in supplier, or a strategy re-assessment (Foerstl, Franke, & Cataldo, 2021). ...

Skate to where the money will be
  • Citing Article
  • November 2001

Harvard Business Review

... This agility allows them to stay ahead of technological advancements and emerging trends in education, providing cutting-edge solutions that meet the evolving demands of learners and educators. 31 Furthermore, entrepreneurial ventures in EdTech have democratised access to education by providing affordable and flexible learning options. They have broken down geographical and financial barriers, enabling learners from diverse backgrounds to access high-quality educational resources. ...

What is Disruptive Innovation?
  • Citing Article
  • December 2015

Harvard Business Review

... Research on disruptive innovation highlights how grassroots innovations can challenge established practices and shift societal norms (Christensen et al., 2018;Christensen and Bower, 1996;Hill and Lineback, 2011), whereas other work examines how evidence from grassroots initiatives can inform policy decisions and practical applications (Cartwright and Hardie, 2012;Cowen and Cartwright, 2022;Joyce and Cartwright, 2022). ...

Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms
  • Citing Article
  • March 1996

Strategic Management Journal

... Yet there is ample evidence that this upfront creative renewal still faces a type of innovation valley of death (Markham et al., 2010) that must be crossed in order to bridge development phases and reach real, large-scale markets. Many attractive and innovative ideas and proofs of concept either fall at overly harsh stage gates, or are distorted or downgraded into incremental innovative offers (Christensen, Kaufman, & Shih, 2008;McDermott & O'Connor, 2002). As Christensen et al. (2008, p. 38) put it: "The Stage-Gate system assumes that the proposed strategy is the right strategy; the problem is that except in the case of incremental innovations, the right strategy cannot be completely known in advance. ...

Innovation Killers
  • Citing Article
  • February 2008

Harvard Business Review

... As a result, research has turned its attention to the phenomena of "critical success factors (CSFs)" responsible for the SMEs growth (Aggarwal and Aggarwal, 2019; Anggraeni and Selamat [7,40,44], and Prakash et al., [66]. According to Christensen et al. [18], entrepreneurial activities are one of the primary driving forces behind the expansion of SMEs. However, when someone wishes to be an entrepreneur, there are several parts of entrepreneurial activities that need to be taken into account, such as preparation before establishing the firm, while operating it, and also following plans to leave the industry [31]. ...

Foundations for Growth: How to Identify and Build Disruptive New Businesses
  • Citing Article
  • March 2002

MIT Sloan Management Review