Clara Serra’s research while affiliated with Direcção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária and other places
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Considered one of the most devastating plant parasitic nematodes worldwide, Meloidogyne spp. (commonly known as the root-knot nematodes (RKNs)) are obligate sedentary endoparasites that establish in the roots, causing hyperplasia and hypertrophy of surrounding cells, triggering the formation of galls. These galls will affect root development and physiology, leading to substantial yield losses. During 2017–2022, an extensive survey of Meloidogyne species was undertaken in Portugal (mainland and islands). A total of 1,071 samples were collected by the National Plant Protection Organization (DGAV) and private farmers from different regions of the country and were analysed at the Laboratory of Nematology (NemaINIAV). Samples in which the presence of Meloidogyne sp. was detected were used to perform bioassays to obtain females and juveniles for further studies. Since the accurate identification of RKNs is an important aspect of crop management, morphological and biochemical characterisation was performed. The most common morphological features were observed, showing consistency with previous descriptions of the genus. The biochemical identification using the esterase (EST) phenotype revealed the phenotypes of Meloidogyne arenaria, M enterolobi, M. hispanica, M. hapla, M. incognita, M javanica, and M. luci. Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica were found to be the most prevalent species in the different regions followed by M. arenaria and M. hapla. This is the first distribution report performed in Portugal on RKNs, contributing to the development of management strategies and to updated information on the status of these pests in Europe.
Simple Summary
Damage caused by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) is usually underestimated as many farmers are oblivious of their presence. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are an economically important group of PPNs and one of the most devastating. The species Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica are considered the most important, due to their worldwide distribution and polyphagia, being the northern RKN, Meloidogyne hapla the most important species occurring in cold regions. During 2019–2022, surveys were carried out in different districts of Portugal in horticultural and ornamental crops. From the samples collected, nine were identified morphologically and molecularly as M. hapla, indicating that its prevalence is increasing, and demonstrating its importance and impact in agricultural systems.
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are a group of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) of great economic significance worldwide. The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is one of the most important species of RKNs occurring in cold regions. In Portugal so far, M. hapla has been found parasitizing potato and fig trees. During surveys carried out in 2019–2022 in fields for horticultural and ornamental production, soil and root samples were collected. Roots were observed under a stereomicroscope to determine the presence of galls. Nematodes were extracted from the soil. Morphological features showed a high similarity and consistency with previous descriptions of the genus. For molecular analysis, total genomic DNA was isolated from single nematodes and used to amplify in multiplex reaction using the species-specific primers JMV1, JMV2 and JMVhapla, and for sequencing of the ITS region with the primers TW81/AB28. Multiplex PCR amplification produced a specific fragment of 440 bp and PCR amplification of the ITS region yielded a single fragment of 550 bp, as expected. The obtained sequences showed a similarity ranging from 99.8% to 100% with the sequences of M. hapla available in the database. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolates grouped with M. hapla isolates. From the 690 samples collected, M. hapla was detected in three different hosts (grapevine, eucalyptus and potato) in four districts of mainland Portugal and on Madeira Island. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. hapla infecting the grapevine and eucalyptus in Portugal.
Potato is the third most important crop in the world after rice and wheat, with a great social and economic importance in Portugal as it is grown throughout the country, including the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores. The tropical root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne luci is a polyphagous species with many of its host plants having economic importance and the ability to survive in temperate regions, which pose a risk to agricultural production. In 2019, M. luci was detected from soil samples collected from the council of Santo António in Pico Island (Azores). Bioassays were carried out to obtain females, egg masses, and second-stage juveniles to characterize this isolate morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. The observed morphological features and morphometrics showed high similarity and consistency with previous descriptions. Concerning the biochemical characterization, the esterase (EST) phenotype displayed a pattern with three bands similar to the one previously described for M. luci and distinct from M. ethiopica. Regarding the molecular analysis, an 1800 bp region of the mitochondrial DNA between cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) and 16S rRNA genes was analyzed and the phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolate grouped with M. luci isolates (99.17%). This is the first report of M. luci parasitizing potato in the Azores islands, contributing additional information on the distribution of this plant-parasitic nematode.
Os nemátodes são animais geralmente ver-miformes que podem ser encontrados em quase todos os ambientes, desde que com alguma disponibilidade de água. De todas as espécies, estima-se que cerca de 10% se-jam parasitas das plantas (nemátodes fito-parasitas) (Figura 1). Os nemátodes parasitas das plantas, maio-ritariamente de reduzidas dimensões (0,2-3 mm) possuem uma estrutura espe-cializada – o estilete (Figura 2) – para se alimentarem, injectando enzimas nas cé-lulas vegetais e extraindo de seguida o seu conteúdo, causando elevados prejuízos às culturas agrícolas. Nos solos, eles ocupam sobretudo as camadas superiores aonde a matéria orgânica, as raízes das plantas e outros recursos são mais abundantes. Os nemátodes de quisto da batateira Um grupo economicamente importante de nemátodes fitoparasitas são os nemáto-des de quisto, em particular os nemátodes de quisto da batateira que podem causar graves danos nesta cultura. Esta designa-ção tem sido utilizada para englobar duas espécies – Globodera rostochiensis e Glo-bodera pallida – e advém do facto de que o corpo das fêmeas de ambas as espécies, após a sua morte, se transforma num quisto globoso, contendo os ovos (Figura 3). Estes quistos são essenciais para a sobrevivência destes nemátodes, correspondendo a um estádio de maior resistência no seu ciclo de vida. Origem e ocorrência Ambas as espécies são originárias da Cor-dilheira dos Andes, sul do Peru, e têm uma distribuição mundial. Na Europa, G. ros-tochiensis foi detectada na Alemanha em 1880 tendo-se disseminado para outros paí-ses europeus produtores de batata. A espé-cie G. pallida só seria identificada em 1973, em Inglaterra. Globodera rostochiensis foi assinalada pela primeira vez em Portugal num campo de batata-semente em Bra-gança e encontra-se presente em todas as regiões produtoras de batata do país. Já G. pallida só viria a ser detectada em território nacional no ano de 1988, também no norte. Hospedeiros e importância As plantas hospedeiras destes nemátodes estão limitadas às solanáceas e são sobre-tudo a batateira, o tomateiro e a beringela. Quando estas plantas são cultivadas em monocultura por várias temporadas em solos infestados, as densidades de nemátodes podem aumentar para níveis muito eleva-dos, inviabilizando as culturas. Além disso, estes nemátodes também parasitam infes-tantes como a erva-moira e a figueira-do-inferno, entre outras. Uma vez que a bata-teira é uma das culturas mais importantes a nível mundial, e em particular no espaço europeu, os estragos causados pelos nemá-todes de quisto e o decréscimo da produção ocasionam grande impacte económico nes-ta cultura. Ciclo de vida O ciclo de vida destes nemátodes compreen-de a fase de ovo e quatro estádios juvenis, separados por quatro mudas, que antece-dem a fase de adulto (macho ou fêmea) (Fi-gura 4), e em condições normais completa-se entre 5 a 8 semanas, o que corresponde a uma geração por cada cultura do hospedei-ro. O ciclo de vida inicia-se com a formação dos ovos no interior dos quistos, que irão dar origem à próxima geração. No interior de cada ovo ocorre a primeira muda e for-mam-se os juvenis de primeiro estádio (J1). Os juvenis, já com estilete, quando estimu-lados pelos exsudados emitidos pelas raízes das plantas, e reunindo boas condições de temperatura e humidade, eclodem dos ovos como juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) (Figu-ra 5). Estas espécies de Globodera preferem solos bem drenados, areias ou solos leves com um bom teor de humidade. Tempera-turas do solo variando entre 15-20 °C são óptimas para a eclosão dos ovos e infesta-ção das raízes. Os nemátodes de quisto da batateira: ameaça crescente para os campos de batata em Portugal Os nemátodes de quisto da batateira são uma ameaça para a cultura da batata, obrigando a um plano nacional de prospecção destes organismos. As prospecções dos últimos anos revelam uma tendência para o aumento da presença de, pelo menos, uma das espécies destes nemátodes.
... Biochemical analyses, like non-specific esterase (EST) electrophoresis, combined with molecular techniques such as internal transcribed spacer PCR-RFLP (ITS-PCR-RFLP), sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), help to identify economically relevant Meloidogyne species (Rusinque et al. 2023). The LAMP assay, targeting the 5S rDNA-IGS2 region, is increasingly popular for point-of-service detection due to its speed and simplicity. ...
... M. enterolobii poses a notable threat to the ornamental plant industry due to its aggressive nature, wide host range and potential for global dissemination. The widespread presence of the nematode in agricultural products can instigate trade restrictions and the imposition of phytosanitary measures, leading to numerous countries to implement regulations preventing its spread via the movement of plant materials 46 . Consequently, effective management and control measures were imperative to uphold the health and economic sustainability of ornamental plant production as well as transmission of M. enterolobii to global agricultural products. ...
... Research demonstrated that all examined populations of M. ethiopica from Slovenia, Italy, Greece and Turkey were, in fact, M. luci [50]. In addition, this species was later detected in Portugal, both on the mainland and in Azores, parasitising potato crops [51,52]. A comparison of the mtDNA sequence of M. luci obtained in this study with publicly available sequences revealed an identical match with a Meloidogyne population from Serbia that could not be identified at the species level in 2014. ...