Ciarra Almeria's research while affiliated with University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna and other places

... While traditional bioreactor systems are ideal for cells culture in suspension, attached cell monolayers require different solutions. For these cell types, advanced bench top culture systems providing Table S1), which are also expandable in terms of replication, will likely provide the best capacity for adherent cell types (see, Kreß et al., 2021). We provide considerations as well as suggestions for improved environmental control for culture systems ranging in complexity from batch cultures to bioreactors (Table 1 and Supplementary Table S2). ...

... Therefore, either medium with a complex chemical composition must be produced to allow for scale expansion, or the initial number of cells must be increased to critical levels in another medium before the cells are transferred to this serumfree medium for EVs production [21]. Additionally, studies have been reported on the effect of environmental conditions on the media, with oxygen content (reduced from the normal 21 to 2-7%), shear stress, and stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) all reported to enhance the quality or quantity of secreted EVs [27,28]. Environmental conditions are difficult to standardize for the industrial-scale production of EVs because EVs production varies by cell. ...