Christopher S. Koper's research while affiliated with George Mason University and other places

... Naturally, from a prevention perspective, knowing that an outcome of interest has spatial patterns and is predictable, the conversation moves to what could be done to mitigate risk and reduce the occurrence of the issue. Typically, this would be met with a policing-centric response, which could be to model a place-based approach, see Evidence Based Policing Matrix [47]; however, there is growing interest in how the police could partner with health practitioners (e.g., social workers and mental health clinicians) to alleviate crisis and mental health-related calls [48][49][50]. By better understanding where mental health-type calls originate from, law enforcement and healthcare clinicians could proactively take community-and place-based approaches for people who are at risk. ...

... The concept of intelligence implies that accurate and reliable knowledge is made available in a timely manner for rational decision-making (Arndt et al., 2020;Lum & Koper, 2017;Sherman, 1998). Decision-makers (e.g., managers, policymakers, governments) need to be informed by the "best available knowledge" to decide on the most suitable course of action and instruments to address (security) problems in real-time, even when a rapid response to a series of detected incidents is required (Ratcliffe, 2016;Williamson, 2008). ...

... Additionally, in the last decade, policing has become more evidence-based to determine the most effective methods of reducing crime (Lum et al. 2013;Sherman, 2015). Policing research has always fallen under the social sciences category (Lum, 2009). ...

... 14 According to the "hot spot policing" theory, police officers and security personnel stationed in hospitals should increase the frequency of patrols and prolong the duration of stay at the sites of the high incidence of injury events. This concept was supported by the studies by Koper et al 15 and Wu et al 16 For example, patrolling can be intensified in the hospital at 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 8 p.m., and the patrol frequency can be increased in the emergency department at night to prevent and reduce injury events. ...

... In the next phase of the Matrix, known as the Matrix Demonstration Projects (MDP), Lum and Koper (2022) illustrate how the MDP facilitates three activities that are essential to achieving EBP: translation, receptivity, and institutionalization. These core activities come with the added benefit of contributing to the development of highquality research evidence. ...

... However, respecting speed limits is connected to the general safety of the population, including other drivers and vulnerable users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The scientific literature offers solutions for reducing speeding such as the improvement of infrastructure [6][7][8][9], the use of automated speed camera enforcement [10,11], and an increased police presence [12][13][14][15]. Unfortunately, the City of Saguenay police department did not have access to these solutions due to budgetary constraints and limited deadlines. ...

... It is hardly surprising that community members value speed and certainty in emergency responses and will manipulate existing systems to extract the most utility out of finite available resources. Our findings suggest that the denominator for potential alternate responses may be larger than observed in previous research (Lum et al., 2022) but only if those alternate models have the capacity to meet community expectations in terms of speed and quality of the response. ...

... 14 According to the "hot spot policing" theory, police officers and security personnel stationed in hospitals should increase the frequency of patrols and prolong the duration of stay at the sites of the high incidence of injury events. This concept was supported by the studies by Koper et al 15 and Wu et al 16 For example, patrolling can be intensified in the hospital at 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 8 p.m., and the patrol frequency can be increased in the emergency department at night to prevent and reduce injury events. ...

... Police officers value discretion and show little satisfaction with strict patrol mandates Wu et al., 2021;Blattman et al., 2017;Cordner, 1981;Hale & Chapman, 1981) vii. ...

... While some of the circumstances limiting these efforts in our study sites may have been unique (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic and post Floyd period negative sentiments in the community during the height site A's implementation of POP), other researchers have also documented the difficulty of implementing rigorous problem-solving in the context of patrol work before the pandemic (Cordner & Biebel, 2005;Groff et al., 2015). Nonetheless, experience elsewhere has shown that with strong organizational commitment and formalized processes to regularly track, manage, and support patrol activities, consistent implementation of hot spot policing strategies can be achieved even over long periods and across large numbers of hot spots (Koper et al., 2021). ...