Christopher Bergmann's research while affiliated with University of Groningen and other places
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Publications (9)
According to Flege’s Speech Learning Model, the speech sounds of a bilingual’s languages are contained in one common phonological space. This predicts bidirectional influence on the articulation of these speech sounds. We investigated the influence of a late-learned second language (L2) on the first language (L1) in a group of German L1 attriters i...
Spontaneous speech samples can serve several purposes within a language acquisition study. First, spontaneous speech can be used in various ways to assess the proficiency of individuals, for example via accent ratings, measures of lexical variability, and frequency of different types of errors. It can also be an object of analysis in its own right,...
In their seminal paper, Pawley and Syder (1983) argued that fluent and idiomatic control of a language is largely the result of what they described as access to ”lexicalized sentence stems”. Such word sequences are familiar to both speaker and hearer and presumably can be retrieved from the mental lexicon as a whole, thereby freeing processing capa...
Bilingual and monolingual language processing differ, presumably because of constant parallel activation of both languages in bilinguals. We attempt to isolate the effects of parallel activation in a group of German first-language (L1) attriters, who have grown up as monolingual natives before emigrating to an L2 environment. We hypothesized that p...
The present text addresses theoretical and practical concerns that are relevant for large-scale investigations of bilingual development. It discusses the necessity of approaches that use a variety of elicitation methods and assess different populations. Such investigations can help resolve some of the most important current questions and controvers...
Fluent speech depends on the availability of well-established linguistic knowledge and routines for speech planning and articulation. A lack of speech fluency in late second-language (L2) learners may point to a deficiency of these representations, due to incomplete acquisition. Experiments on bilingual language processing have shown, however, that...
How independent are the sound systems of the two languages a bilingual speaks? There is
ample evidence that in a late-learned second language (L2), the pronunciation remains
shaped by the early-learned first language (L1) up to high levels of general proficiency
(Flege & Schmidt, 1995; Flege et al., 1999). It is less well-established, however, to w...
A recent study (Hopp & Schmid, forthc.) has demonstrated that very advanced long-term bilinguals exhibit a larger amount of variation in global foreign accent ratings when rated by native speakers than monolingual speakers of the same language, irrespective of whether the language in question is their L2 (late learners) or their L1 (late attriters)...
Citations
... The terms "attrition" and "phonetic drift" (or "drift" for short) refer to L1 changes that differ in durability. We describe long-term, lasting effects of the L2 on the L1 with the term "attrition" (Bergmann et al., 2016;de Leeuw, 2019b;de Leeuw, Mennen, & Scobbie, 2012;de Leeuw, Opitz, & Lubinska, 2013;de Leeuw, Schmid, & Mennen, 2010;de Leeuw, Tusha, & Schmid, 2018;Hopp & Schmid, 2013;Major, 1992;Mayr, Price, & Mennen, 2012;Mennen, 2004;Ulbrich & Ordin, 2014) but shorter-term, potentially more superficial effects of the L2 on the L1 with the term "drift" (Chang, 2012(Chang, , 2013Sancier & Fowler, 1997;Tobin, Nam, & Fowler, 2017). As above, however, both types of L1 change are in principle reversible. ...
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... Interestingly, although one might think that highly controlled, laboratory-based research would be more conducive to replication, studies with an online measure, such as self-paced reading or eye tracking, were rarely replicated in our sample (k = 6). This may reflect the relatively recent adoption of such techniques in mainstream L2 research (as found by Marsden et al., in press) but also the challenges posed by accessing and using expensive Schmid et al., 2015). Infrastructure for collection of data via the Internet, such as that proposed by MacWhinney (2017), would help to alleviate this problem. ...
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... Such films have been noticed to be well described as being suitable for speech elicitation as they do not influence the informant with sound of speech of any language [8]. For instance, the piece of Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times (1936) served as elicitation material to dozens of experiments (for more in-depth description of the piece see [1]). The authors of the article were to find a piece of video resembling Modern Times' easy and humorous narrative depicting daily life. ...
... Importantly, languages differ in terms of the weight that each of the aspects mentioned above has in a sentence and the information they provide, for example, case marking in German articles reveals the role of the subsequent noun in a sentence and is absent in Spanish or English. Concerning the influence of the L2 on L1 within sentence processing, linguistic levels differ in their degree of attrition after L2 acquisition, to give an example, bilinguals and monolinguals show similar responses to gender agreement violations in their native language but not to violations in verb combinations (Bergmann et al., 2015). Moreover, sentence production is more susceptible to cross-linguistic influences than comprehension (Runnqvist et al., 2013). ...
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... Fluent speech, hence, requires substantial linguistic knowledge and native-like speech planning routines. The lack of such linguistic knowledge in the speech of L2 speakers could be due to insufficient linguistic knowledge of the L2 [6]. Insufficient linguistic knowledge is often referred to as incomplete acquisition of the L2, resulting in decreased fluency in L2 speech. ...
