Christof Sanoll’s research while affiliated with Research Centre For Agriculture And Forestry Laimburg and other places

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Publications (11)


Fig. 2: Pigiato completamente diraspato di Pinot nero // Crushed and fully destemmed Pinot Noir.
Fig. 4: Estratto di una schermata di valutazione durante la fase di assaggio // Screenshot of the sensory analysis program used for sensory evaluation.
Fig. 5: Profilo Sensoriale dei vini degustati. I valori riportati sono le medie delle annate e vendemmia dal 2018 al 2021 // Sensory profile of the wines. Values are reported as means for vinifications from 2018 to 2021 vintages.
Risultati sperimentali dell’utilizzo del raspo nella vinificazione del Pinot neroVersuchsergebnisse zur Verwendung der Stielgerüste in der Weinbereitung von BlauburgunderExperiments with the use of stems in Pinot noir winemaking
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2025

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3 Reads

Laimburg Journal

Danila Chiotti

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Christof Sanoll

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Eva Überegger

Presso la cantina di microvinificazione del Centro di Sperimentazione Laimburg, nelle vendemmie dal 2018 al 2021 sono state condotte delle prove su Pinot nero circa l’impiego dei raspi durante la fermentazione in rosso. Nel 2018 e nel 2019 sono state previste due epoche di raccolta per valutare il livello di maturazione delle uve sull’effetto del raspo. Nelle due annate successive la sperimentazione si è concentrata invece su una sola vendemmia. Il disegno sperimentale prevedeva la comparazione di un testimone completamente diraspato (0% raspi) con tesi che prevedevano l’aggiunta di 25%, 50%, 100% e 200% di raspi. In tutte le casistiche si è osservato che la presenza dei raspi influiva sia sull’aspetto chimico che sensoriale. All’aumentare della percentuale impiegata, l’alcol e l’acidità totale diminuivano, mentre il pH aumentava. La concentrazione antocianica è rimasta pressoché invariata, l’estratto e i polifenoli totali sono aumentati. Alla degustazione, i vini con raspi dallo 0 al 50% mantenevano sentori fruttati, armonia e tipicità. Superata questa percentuale, le note di erbe aromatiche e cuoio emergevano in modo più marcato. Inoltre l’amaro e l’astringenza aumentavano. La presenza di raspi, in percentuali del 25% e talvolta del 50%, ha reso i vini più interessanti in quanto leggermente piú intensi di colore e piú tannici, mantenendo la tipicità e l‘armonia rispetto al testimone non addizionato.

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Fig. 2: Frequency of the number of inflorescences per shoot for Gewürztraminer in the third year under investigation.
Fig. 3: Sensory description of Gewürztraminer for 2009 and 2011.
Fig. 4: Sensory description, mean values of all aged wines under investigation for the entire period and all varieties.
The Effects of Several Forms of Leaf Area Management and Different canopy heights with vertical shoot positioning on Berry Ripening and Wine QualityDie Auswirkungen verschiedener Formen der Laubwandbehandlung sowie unterschiedlicher Laubwandhöhen in Spalieranlagen auf die Beerenreife und die Qualität der WeineL’effetto di diverse forme di gestione e altezza della parete fogliare in sistemi di allevamento a spalliera sulla maturazione dell’uva e la qualità dei vini

April 2024

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9 Reads

Laimburg Journal

The goal of this research was to investigate different canopy heights and canopy management approaches in VSP-trained vineyards on the production of sugar and other substances present in berries and must, as well as on the resulting wine quality. Two sites, one high vigor and one low vigor, were selected for this study, with the following treatments tested: [1] ‘control’, shoots were topped according to standard practices; [2] ‘without lateral shoots’, all lateral shoots were removed; [3] ‘low canopy’, the canopy was shortened to 50 cm below the height of the ‘control’; [4] ‘twisted shoots’, shoots were not hedged, but instead were horizontally twisted along the upper wires. The ‘low canopy’ treatment revealed little effect on grape ripening parameters, especially in the low vigor trials. Upon sensory analysis, the quality of wine derived from this treatment did not score higher than the control, but rather repeatedly lower. Furthermore, ‘low canopy’ wines exhibited atypical aging notes, and in certain vintages more Berry shrivel was observed during the vegetative season. The ‘twisted shoots’ treatment displayed repeatedly higher YAN values in the must, especially in vineyards with higher vigor, which led to an increase in potential vine fertility. Thus, shortening the canopy was not found to be a suitable technique to delay ripening or improve wine quality.


Torulaspora delbrueckii Strain Behaviour within Different Refermentation Strategies for Sparkling Cider Production

March 2023

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202 Reads

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8 Citations

Noemi Tocci

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Magdalena Egger

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Philipp Hoellrigl

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[...]

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Lorenza Conterno

Torulaspora delbrueckii is known for improving the aroma quality in wine and beer, but information for cider manufacturing is scarce. We explored the behaviour of two commercial strains of T. delbrueckii in apple juice fermentation to produce cider and sparkling cider. The influence of the strain, method, and strain–method interaction on the physicochemical parameters of cider was analysed by enzymatic and chromatographic assays. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance and a principal component analysis. Both strains also showed regular fermentation kinetics under pressure. Ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid, and glycerol were produced with significant differences between strains and production methods. Then, 26 volatile compounds were identified, with higher alcohols being the quantitatively most abundant group. Strain A was associated with a higher production of methyl butanol, 2-phenyl ethanol, and butyric, propionic, and succinic acid esters, while strain B was associated with higher amounts of hexanoic acid, and acetate and valerate esters. In addition, 13 compounds showed significant differences between methods, and 14 were influenced by the method–strain interaction. Our findings encourage the further investigation of the application of T. delbrueckii as a solo player to produce ciders with a unique flavour.


Non-destructive fluorescence sensing for assessing microclimate, site and defoliation effects on flavonol dynamics and sugar prediction in Pinot blanc grapes

August 2022

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156 Reads

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4 Citations

In an era of growing international competition in modern viticulture, the study and implementation of innovative technologies to increase the production of high-quality grapes and wines are of critical importance. In this study, the non-destructive portable sensor Multiplex, based on fluorescence sensing technique, was applied to evaluate grape maturity parameters and flavonol content of the understudied Pinot blanc variety. The effects of environmental and agronomical factors on flavonol content of Pinot blanc grapes were investigated in eight vineyards characterised by different microclimatic and agronomic conditions. Furthermore, the direct impact of canopy management treatment on the flavonol dynamics of the grapes oriented in the four cardinal directions was assessed. Results highlight the positive role of moderate temperatures and direct sunlight exposure on Pinot blanc flavonol content; however, no direct vineyard-elevation effect was observed. The ability to modulate and evaluate the flavonol content in field represent crucial factors because of their potential effect on flavonoids-dependent wine characteristics, such as stability and ageing. In the present study, for the first time, two calibration curves were reported for pre- and post-veraison periods between flavonol indices and the berry skin flavonol content and a good correlation was observed between Multiplex measurement and the total polyphenolic content of grape juice. Moreover, the strong correlation between the chlorophyll index with grape juice sugar content and titratable acidity revealed the practical application of non-destructive sensors to predict the optimal harvest time for Pinot blanc grapes. In conclusion, the non-destructive fluorescence sensor Multiplex is a high-potential tool for innovative viticulture, for evaluating grape skin composition variables in white grape varieties.


Einsatz von Hefederivaten zur Steigerung der phenolischen Reife und Aromaintensität von WeinImpact of yeast derivatives to increase the phenolic maturity and aroma intensity of wineL'impatto di lieviti inattivati all'aumento della maturazione fenolica e intensità aromatica del vino

October 2021

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5 Reads

Laimburg Journal

Nach wie vor ist die Steigerung des Aromas durch weinbauliche oder önologische Maßnahmen beim Weißwein eine Herausforderung für die Weinproduzenten. Dasselbe gilt für die Steigerung der phenolischen Reife und Farbausbeute bei Rotwein. Ganz speziell spielen diese beiden Ansprüche in Jahrgängen, die Gefahr laufen, Trauben wachsen zu lassen mit ungenügender Reife eine entscheidende Rolle. In der Weinwirtschaft sind jüngst Produkte aus selektionierten Hefederivaten im Angebot. Diese speziell entwickelten Hefederivate werden mit zwei Spritzungen auf die gesamte Laubwand, die erste bei Weichwerden der Beeren und die zweite im Abstand von 10-14 Tagen, direkt im Weinberg angewendet. Welche Wirkung genau durch diese Hefederivate hervorgerufen wird ist noch nicht ganz geklärt. Laut Hersteller aber sollen sie grundsätzlich bei weißen Traubensorten das Weinaroma intensivieren und bei roten Traubensorten die Phenolische Reife verbessern. Durch dieses Projekt wurde diese Möglichkeit der Aromasteigerung und Verbesserung der Phenol-Struktur angewandt und das Ausmaß der Veränderung gemessen.Das Produkt "LalVigne® Aroma" von Lallemand wurde dabei auf neutralen und aromatischen Weissweinsorte getestet, das Produkt "LalVigne® Mature" von Lallemand hingegen auf schweren Rotweinsorten.


Veränderungen in der Reifeentwicklung der Trauben im Südtiroler Weinbau laut den Daten der jährlichen Reifetests von 1985 bis heuteChanges in the ripening development of grapes in South Tyrolean viticulture according to the data of the annual ripeningtests from 1985 up to nowCambiamenti nello sviluppo della maturazione dell’uva in Alto Adige secondo i dati dei test di maturazione annuali dal 1985 ad oggi

July 2021

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74 Reads

Laimburg Journal

Seit dem Jahr 1985 werden am Versuchszentrum Laimburg alljährlich im Herbst, in den Wochen vor der Reife, bei den wichtigsten Südtiroler Rebsorten Tests durchgeführt, um die Reifesituation zu ermitteln und den Weinbaubetrieben die Planung der Ernte zu erleichtern. Diese Daten stellen zugleich eine interessante Dokumentation der Veränderungen in diesem Zeitraum dar. Neben der Klimaänderung mit einer Zunahme der durchschnittlichen Temperaturen, waren die letzten dreieinhalb Jahrzehnte in Südtirol auch von großen Veränderungen im Weinbau und insbesondere durch das Streben nach höherwertiger Trauben- und Weinqualität geprägt. Derselbe Reifegrad der Trauben wird heute um 19 bis 50 Tage früher erreicht als zu Beginn der Reifetests im Jahre 1985. In den allermeisten Fällen ist eine Reifeverfrühung von etwa 3 Wochen zu erkennen. Aus den vorliegenden Daten kann nicht ermittelt werden wieweit diese Veränderungen auf die veränderten Klimabedingungen oder auf Veränderungen im Anbau zurückzuführen sind. Letztere dürften jedoch auch eine Rolle spielen, insbesondere in den Fällen mit überdurchschnittlicher Reifeverfrühung. Die Gesamtsäurewerte der Moste sind bei gleichem Zuckergehalt nicht abgefallen bzw. sind auch die pH-Werte bei gleichem Zuckergehalt nicht angestiegen. Dies wäre eigentlich, aufgrund der inzwischen wärmeren Bedingungen während der Traubenreife, zu erwarten gewesen. Vielmehr ist es so, dass bei gleichem Zuckergehalt die Gesamtsäurewerte entweder ähnlich geblieben sind oder heute höher liegen als früher. Teilweise sind bei gleichen Gesamtsäurewerten auch die pH-Werte heute niedriger als früher.


Modeling malic acid dynamics to ensure quality, aroma and freshness of Pinot blanc wines in South Tyrol (Italy)

April 2021

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61 Reads

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11 Citations

OENO One

Pinot blanc is a leading grapevine variety in South Tyrol (Italy) for wine production. The high quality of its wines derives from a typical aroma of elegant apple notes and lively acidity. The typicity of the final wine depends on the origin of the vine, the soil, the oenological practices and time of harvest. The South Tyrolean mountainous areas meet the cold climatic requirements of Pinot blanc, which guarantee its sweet-acidic harmony obtained when organic acids are in balance with the other components of the wine. However, increasing temperatures in valley sites during the berry development period boost the activity of malic acid (MA) enzymes, which negatively affect the final sugar/acid ratio. Researchers are currently focused on understanding acid dynamics in wines, and there are no references for the best sugar/acid ratio for Pinot blanc. Moreover, the contribution of individual acids to the sensory profile of this wine has not yet been studied. In this study we address the effect of different climate conditions and site elevations on the sugar/acid ratio in developmental grapevine berries, and we evaluate the effect on wine bouquet. Even if different models and indices have been proposed for predicting sugar content, no predictive models exist for MA in white grapes. In a three-year study (2017, 2018 and 2019) that involved eight vineyards in four different location in South Tyrol at various elevations ranging from 223 to 730 m a.s.l., the relationships between bioclimatic indices, such as growing-degree day (GDD) and grapevine sugar ripeness (GSR) and grapevine berry content were investigated. The analysis reveals that GDD may potentially predict MA dynamics in Pinot blanc; hence, a GDD-based model was used to determine the GDD to reach target MA concentrations (3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0 g/L). This simple model was improved with additional temperature-based parameters by feature selection, and the best three advanced models were selected and evaluated by 5-fold cross-validation. These models could be used to support location and harvest date choice to produce high-quality Pinot blanc wines. k e y w o r d s Pinot blanc, South Tyrol, sugar, GDD, GSR, organic acids, MA


Pinot Blanc: Impact of the Winemaking Variables on the Evolution of the Phenolic, Volatile and Sensory Profiles

April 2020

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352 Reads

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27 Citations

The impact of two different winemaking practices on the chemical and sensory complexity of Pinot Blanc wines from South Tyrol (Italy), from grape pressing to the bottled wine stored for nine months, was studied. New chemical markers of Pinot blanc were identified: astilbin and trans-caftaric acid differentiated the wines according to the vinification; S-glutathionylcaftaric acid correlated with the temporal trends. Fluorescence analysis displayed strong time-evolution and differentiation of the two wines for gallocatechin and epigallocatechin, respectively. After nine months of storage in bottle, the control wine showed higher amounts of most ethyl esters, acetate esters and octanoic acid, whereas higher alcohols characterized instead the wine obtained with prefermentative cold maceration. The sensory panel found notes of apple and tropical fruit in the control wine and attributed a higher overall quality judgement to it, whereas the cold-macerated wine was described by olfactory intensity, spicy and pear attributes.


Abb. 2: Spinnennetzdiagramm zur sensorischen Beschreibung Jahrgang 2012 und 2013; Vergleich aller Varianten Kaltmazeration und ohne Kaltmazeration. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001 // Radar chart of the sensorial description vintage 2012 and 2013; comparison of al variants cold maceration and without cold maceration. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001.
Die Optimierung des Weinausbaues von Cabernet CortisThe optimization of the winemaking of Cabernet CortisL’ottimizzazione della vinificazione del Cabernet Cortis

February 2020

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93 Reads

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2 Citations

Laimburg Journal

Teilresistente Rebsorten stellen eine Möglichkeit dar, mit geringem Pflanzenschutzaufwand zu einer erfolgreichen Ernte zu gelangen. Allerdings sind die weinqualitativen Eigenschaften häufig nicht zufrieden stellend. Die Sorte Cabernet Cortis stellt eine gültige Alternative zu einem alterungsfähigen Rotwein des Cabernettyps dar. Der Weinausbau selbst ist noch zu optimieren, da die Sorte eine sehr markante Gerbstoffkomponente aufweist, die es abzurunden gilt. Auch die typisch fruchtigen Komponenten gilt es besser zu interpretieren. Aus diesem Grund wurden Trauben der Sorte Cabernet Cortis verschiedenen Maischekontaktzeiten und Temperaturverläufen unterzogen.


Kaliumverfügbarkeit im Boden, Kaliumaufnahme und die Auswirkungen auf die pH-Werte der Moste und WeinePotassium availability in soil, potassium uptake and effects on the pH of musts and winesDisponibilità di potassio nel suolo, assimilazione del potassio ed effetti sul pH dei mosti e vini

January 2019

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38 Reads

Laimburg Journal

Die pH-Werte der Südtiroler Moste und Weine sind in der Mehrzahl der Jahre hoch. Die hohen pH-Werte hängen nicht nur mit den niedrigen Säurewerten zur Reife zusammen, sie sind auch die Folge hoher Kaliumgehalte im Most. Es sollten daher erste Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden, wieweit Rebanlagen mit niedrigen Kaliumgehalten laut Blattanalyse auch Moste mit niedrigeren pH-Werten ergeben und ob es angezeigt wäre, ein größeres Augenmerk auf eine noch gezieltere und evtl. auch noch niedrigere Kaliumversorgung der Reben zu legen. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden drei Anlagen, welche in den letzten Jahren wiederholt niedrige Kalium-Blattwerte aufwiesen, und drei höher versorgte Anlagen bezüglich Kaliumgehalt im Boden, im Blatt und in den Mosten bis hin zum fertigen Wein untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass alle Anlagen, auch die mäßig versorgten, immer noch zu hohe Kaliumgehalte in den Böden aufwiesen, um deutlich niedrigere Kaliumgehalte in den Mosten zu bewirken. Selbst in Jahren mit sehr niedrigen Kaliumwerten im Blatt zur Blüte und zu Reifebeginn, wurden in den Mosten immer noch 1.5-2.1 g/l Kalium gefunden. In ausgeprägten Trockenphasen, wie sie in den letzten Jahren infolge der Klimaänderung verstärkt auftraten, ist die Kaliumaufnahme durch die Rebe zwar stark eingeschränkt, solange die Trockenheit anhält, die Defizite können aber rasch ausgeglichen werden, sobald höhere Bodenfeuchte vorliegt.


Citations (4)


... The Torulaspora species are widely distributed and exist in various habitats, including man-made and wild environments. T. delbrueckii, an ubiquitous yeast species, has been found in wine [10], beer [11], cider [12], brandy [13], apricot juice [14], cheese [15] and cocoa beans [16]. T. globosa has been found in lettuce rhizosphere [17] and rice/sugar cane leaves [18]. ...

Reference:

Torulaspora lindneri sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast species isolated from China and Thailand
Torulaspora delbrueckii Strain Behaviour within Different Refermentation Strategies for Sparkling Cider Production

... A range of other techniques have been used to estimate grape ripeness properties. For example, optical techniques such as measurement of the fluorescence of grapes have been used to estimate grape ripeness [22][23][24]. Grape firmness has also been measured before harvest using acoustic techniques [25]. ...

Non-destructive fluorescence sensing for assessing microclimate, site and defoliation effects on flavonol dynamics and sugar prediction in Pinot blanc grapes

... However, precisely, these fine-scale climate patterns may lead to distinct variations in vineyard suitability and wine quality (Arias et al., 2022;Tscholl et al., 2021). Differences in sunlight exposure, for instance, may lead to changes in grape composition (Tomada et al., 2022), while changes in thermal conditions along elevation levels may cause alterations in sugar/acid ratios of grapes (Michelini et al., 2021). Small-scale topoclimatic variations are thus crucial to our understanding of climate change effects on viticulture in mountain terrain. ...

Modeling malic acid dynamics to ensure quality, aroma and freshness of Pinot blanc wines in South Tyrol (Italy)

OENO One

... Following completion of the training and before starting the session, panellists were provided with detailed instructions on the definition of descriptors and how to conduct the sensory evaluation (sampling from the left to the right direction according to the order proposed) by the panel leader. They were reminded that the descriptors were related to olfactory evaluation (Supplementary Data S1), gustatory evaluation (Supplementary Data S1), and overall quality judgement (OQJ) 96 . OQJ was defined as an overall evaluation of three aspects of the sensory analysis (visual, olfactory, and gustatory), and should be considered an objective evaluation of the overall quality of the product 70 . ...

Pinot Blanc: Impact of the Winemaking Variables on the Evolution of the Phenolic, Volatile and Sensory Profiles